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PHOTOGRAPHY 


H.  W.  THOMAS,  F.  0.  S. 


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Received C^^        ..187^ 


THE 


MODERN  PRACTICE 


OF 


PHOTOGRAPHY 


BY 

R  W.  THOMAS,  F.C.S. 


INTRODUCTORY  SKETCH. 
HOW  TO  MAKE  THE  NEGATIVE. 
HOW  TO  CLEAN  THE  GLASS  PLATE. 
HOW  TO  VARNISH  THE  NEGATIVE. 
HOW  TO  PRINT  FROM  THE  NEGATIVE. 
HOW  TO  PREVENT  FOG,  STAINS,  AND  STREAKS 
IN  THE  NEGATIVE. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
HENRY    CAREY    BAIRD, 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLISHER, 

406  Walnut  Street. 

1868. 


"I  have  said,  and  I  abide  by  it,"  cries  Voltaire, 
"  that  the  fault  of  most  books  is  their  being  too  long." 

"  A  writer  who  has  reason  on  his  side  will  always 
be  concise." 

BISHOP  HORNE. 


H,  0,  BAIED,  Philadelphia, 


PUBLISHES 


THE  PRACTICE  OF  PHOTOGRAPHY.     By  ROBERT  HUNT. 
With  numerous  Illustrations.     12mo.         75  cents. 

THE  DAGUERREOTYPIST  AND  PHOTOGRAPHER'S  COMPAN- 
ION.    Illustrated.     12mo.          .         .         .     $1  25 


PHILADELPHIA  : 
COLLINS,  PRINTER,  705  JAYNE  STREET. 


INTRODUCTORY  SKETCH. 


PROBABLY  no  modern  science  or  art  can  boast  of 
so  many  roads  to  success,  as  that  which  owns  itself 
the 'servant  of  the  sun.  It  is  easy  to  understand 
why  this  should  be  so,  for  all  things,  animate  and 
inanimate,  are  affected  by  the  sun,  which  at  the  same 
moment  gives  us  both  light  and  life,  and  is  a  fertile 
source  of  chemical  decomposition.  It  becomes,  there- 
fore, evident  that  the  slightest  investigation,  the  mere 
cursory  examination  of  the  many  valuable  store- 
houses of  knowledge,  is  sufficient  for  developing  that 
which  at  first  sight  appears  new,  but  which,  in  re- 
ality, is  only  proof  of  the  statement  above  made,  that 
all  bodies  are  more  or  less  acted  upon,  and  changed 
by  the  agency  of  light. 

Hence  the  innumerable  processes  in  photography, 
which  spring  up  daily,  giving  constant  occupation 
and  food  to  the  experimentalist,  engaging  earnestly 
his  attention,  and  so  absorbing  his  interest  by  a  suc- 
cess more  or  less  certain,  as  to  make  the  pursuit  of 
this  art,  probably  the  most  fascinating,  the  most 
exciting,  and  the  most  productive  of  results  of  any 
followed  by  the  intelligent  and  intellectual  classes  of 
the  present  day. 

If  *  he  above  paragraph  has  been  carefully  read,  it 


will  be  easily  seen  that  as  there  are  many  roads 
pointing  to  the  same  end,  so,  in  proportion  to  their 
number,  will  be  found  the  difficulty  in  selecting  that 
path  which  the  novice  will  gladly  seek,  as  leading 
direct  to  a  successful  practice  of  the  art  in  question. 
It  will  be  my  endeavor  to  point  out  that  road,  and 
in  doing  so,  I  would  not  for  a  moment  disparage  the 
opinions  of  others,  but  merely  show,  without  turning 
either  to  the  right  or  to  the  left  hand,  how  perfect 
results  may  be  obtained ;  but,  in  doing  this,  I  feel 
that  brevity  must  take  the  place  of  a  system  more 
prolix,  and  to  some  minds,  more  agreeable.  Let,  if 
you  will,  these  pages  be  a  primer — a  first  lesson  on 
one  of  many  processes ;  yet,  the  object  I  have  in  view 
is  to  put  before  those  who  require  instruction  on  the 
subject  of  photography,  a  pamphlet  which  shall  en- 
able them  at  once,  not  only  to  succeed,  but,  with  a 
little  practice,  to  rival  those  who  stand  foremost  as 
the  most  successful  votaries  of  this  engaging  art. 

Now  it  would  hardly  do,  from  this  preamble,  to 
descend  suddenly  to  a  process,  without  feeling  sure 
that  the  reader,  who,  perchance,  may  be  altogether  a 
novice,  has  some  knowledge  of  the  principles  on 
which  the  art  of  photography  is  based ;  a  writer  must 
have  no  slight  acquaintance  with  his  subject  who  can 
make  a  complex  matter  clear  and  intelligible  to  the 
understanding  of  his  reader  by  the  use  of  a  few 
paragraphs  only.  I  despair  of  doing  this  to  my  own 
satisfaction,  but,  nevertheless,  such  an  attempt  has  to 
be  made,  and  in  making  it  my  aim  shall  be  rather  to 
excite  the  interest  and  attention  of  a  student,  so  as 
to  compel  him  to  turn  for  fuller  information  on  the 
various  heads  of  the  subject  under  notice,  which  may 


be  found  by  making  reference  to  works  on  optics  and 
chemistry. 

The  first  question,  what  is  light1?   naturally  sug- 
gests itself.     In  answer,  this  much  is  known:  light 
comes  to  us  through  the  medium  of  our  atmosphere, 
pure  and  white,  yet  it  is  easily  decomposed;  its  rays, 
analyzed  and  divided  by  means  of  the  prism,  show 
seven  principal  colors,  each  color  has  its  own  pro- 
perty, and  specifically  its  own  chemical  action ;  it  is 
with  this  latter  fact  that  we  have  to  do,  our  whole 
practice  of  photography  depending  on  the  actinism  of 
the    violet   color  and  the  invisible  rays  beyond,  as 
shown  by  chemical  experiment  to  exist  in  the  spec- 
trum ;  the  red  and  yellow  rays  at  the  opposite  end, 
although  most  luminous,  affect  only  in  a  slight  de- 
gree, chemical  bodies.    It  becomes,  therefore,  evident, 
bearing  this  fact  in  mind,  that  photographic  lenses 
must  be   constructed,   not  possessing   the  power  of 
giving    the    most   luminous    and,    consequently,  the 
jnost  brilliant  image  only,  on  a  ground-glass,  placed 
at  a  point  termed  the  focus  of  a  lens,  but  the  visual 
and  chemical  foci  must  be  blended,  so  to  speak;  this, 
the  skilful   optician    effects   by  combining   lenses  of 
various  curves  and  densities,  with  a  view  of  obtaining 
at  the   same   focus  two  distinct   powers,  light   and 
actinism,  each,  under  ordinary  conditions,  being  re- 
fracted at  different  distances.     I  need  only  remark 
that  the  problem  has  been  well  and   satisfactorily 
worked  out  by  our  great  opticians,  who  have  also 
given  to  photographers  a  variety  of  useful  combina- 
tions of  lenses,  not  dreamt  of  in  the  earlier  days  of 
their  art. 

I  have  shown  already  that  light  produces  chemi- 


cal  change  in  bodies,  but  before  proceeding  with  my 
explanation   in  this  direction,  as  the  picture  to  be 
formed  is  a  monochrome  made  up  of  light  and  shade 
only,  it  will  be  as  well  to  feel  sure  that  the  novice 
clearly   understands   what   would    be    the   effect   of 
throwing  a  shadow  by  any  means  whatever  on  to  a 
piece  of  white  paper,  prepared  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  be  visibly  affected  by  exposure  to  diffused  light,  or 
to  the  sun's  rays ;  the  effect  of  course  will  be  to  pro- 
duce a  modification  of  the  action  of  light  on   the 
parts  so  shaded,  and  in  proportion  to  the  intensity  of 
the  shadow,  so  will  be  the  want  of  intensity  in  the 
action   of  light  on   the   prepared   paper.     Now,    in 
order  fully  to  realize  this  in  a  manner  evident  to  the 
senses,  we  must  make  use  of  paper,  prepared  with 
chloride  of  silver  in  the  dark;  the  albumenized  paper 
of  commerce,  when  floated  on  a  solution  of  nitrate  of 
silver,  becomes  such  a  paper ;  it  must  be  then  care- 
fully dried  either  in  the  dark  or  in  yellow  light;  a 
slip    of  this   paper   exposed  to    white   light,    eithe^ 
natural  or  artificial,  immediately  changes  color,  the 
silver  being  reduced,  and  according  to  the    time  of 
exposure  so  will  be  the  intensity  of  the  color,  chang- 
ing from  light  brown  to  bronze. 

I  have  before  stated  that  the  shadow  of  any  object 
thrown  upon  this  paper  during  its  exposure  to  light, 
will,  according  to  its  intensity,  protect  the  prepared 
surface,  and  should  the  hand,  with  its  fingers  extended 
and  held  between  the  paper  and  the  source  of  light, 
be  the  object  chosen,  a  representation  of  the  form  of 
the  fingers  on  the  sensitive  paper  will  be  the  result. 
In  this  we  find  the  key  to  the  formation  of  a  photo- 
graphic picture ;  bearing  it  in  mind,  it  is  easy  to 
understand  that  which  follows.  Now  the  lens  and 


camera  are  the  instruments  used  by  the  photographer 
for  the  production  of  the  image  of  any  object  capable 
of  being  represented  by  light  and  shade.  It  is,  I 
think,  fair  to  presume  that  a  person  wishing  to  follow 
the  art  of  photography  will  have  acquainted  himself 
with  at  least  this  fact,  that  a  lens  fitted  to  the  outside 
of  a  dark  box,  so  arranged  that  one  part  shall  slide 
within  the  other,  does,  at  a  certain  point  called  a 
focus,  which  varies  with  the  distance  of  the  lens  from 
the  object,  produce  a  representation  on  a  ground-glass 
of  any  object  at  which  the  lens  may  be  pointed.  If 
the  ground-glass  be  made  movable,  and  a  slide  with 
a  shutter  properly  arranged,  containing  a  plate  sen- 
sitive to  light,  be  made  to  occupy  exactly  the  same 
position  as  that  occupied  by  the  ground-glass,  it 
follows  that  a  representation  of  the  object  will  fall 
upon  the  sensitive  plate  placed  as  described.  This  is 
the  first  step  in  the  process  by  which  photographic 
views,  portraits,  &c.,  are  produced.  I  will  now  pro- 
ceed to  speak  of  the  chemicals  used  for  preparing  the 
plate  that  has  been,  as  above  shown,  placed  in  the 
slide  occupying  the  position  of  the  ground-glass.  I 
must,  however,  pause  for  a  moment  to  explain  some 
distinct  properties  possessed  by  different  chemical 
preparations  sensitive  to  light.  I  have  already  shown 
how  chloride  of  silver  is  affected,  the  change  which 
takes  place  being  visible,  and,  so  to  speak,  accumu- 
lative :  this  change  is,  however,  slow,  and  cannot  be 
accelerated  or  developed  to  any  further  extent  when 
the  light  has  been  withdrawn.  It  is,  therefore,  evi- 
dent that  such  a  process,  although  excellent  for  the 
production  of  the  positive  photograph  on  paper,  is 
not  suited  for  the  preparation  of  a  highly  sensitive 


8 

plate  to  be  placed  in  the  camera  for  the  purpose  of 
portraiture.  We  find  in  the  iodide  and  bromide  of 
silver  a  peculiar  property,  viz.,  that  of  receiving  an 
impression  rapidly,  which,  although  at  first  invisible, 
is  capable  of  being  further  developed  and  intensified. 
It  is  with  these  chemicals  that  the  sensitive  plate  is 
prepared.  The  most  convenient  vehicle  for  holding 
the  salts  in  solution,  capable  of  being  easily  trans- 
formed into  the  iodide  and  bromide  of  silver,  is  collo- 
dion, to  which  I  must  now  allude  briefly. 

Collodion  is  a  solution  of  pyroxyline  (gun-cotton) 
in  ether  and  alcohol,  which,  when  poured  upon  glass, 
sets  readily,  leaving  a  film,  structureless,  trans- 
parent, and  porous;  it,  moreover,  adheres  perfectly 
to  the  glass.  If  a  solution  containing  a  salt  of  iodine 
and  bromine  be  added  to  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver, 
a  precipitate  of  iodide  and  bromide  of  silver  imme- 
diately takes  place ;  it  can,  therefore,  be  easily  under- 
stood, that  if  the  same  salts  be  dissolved  in  collodion, 
and  the  film,  when  properly  set  on  the  glass,  placed 
in  a  bath  of  nitrate  of  silver,  the  insoluble  salts,  iodide 
and  bromide  of  silver,  are  formed  and  retained  in  the 
body  of  the  film,  rendering  that  which  was  trans- 
parent, opaque  and  yellow.  Such  a  film  is  more 
sensitive  to  light  than  any  with  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted; a  glass  prepared  with  this  sensitive  film 
may  therefore  be,  in  the  wet  state,  at  once  transferred 
to  the  dark  slide  and  placed  in  the  camera,  where  it 
occupies  the  position  of  the  ground-glass;  the  lens 
being  uncovered,  a  few  seconds'  exposure  is  sufficient 
to  impress  this  highly  sensitive  plate  with  an  invisi- 
ble image. 

At  this  stage  it  will  be  instructive  to  explain  what 


takes  place  when  certain  solutions  are  made  use  of  for 
the  purpose  of  developing  the  latent  image  with  which 
the  film  has  been  impressed;  and  bearing  in  mind 
what  has  been  said  in  the  first  part  of  this  essay  con- 
cerning the  non-actinic  quality  of  yellow  light,  it  will^ 
be  hardly  necessary  to  remark,  that  the  preparation  of 
the  sensitive  plate  and  its  subsequent  development, 
must  be  performed  by  light  passed  through  a  yellow 
medium,  such  as  glass  stained  of  a  proper  color. 

Proto-sulphate  of  iron  is  the  deoxidizer  now  gene- 
rally used  for  continuing  that  change  which  has  been 
effected  on  the  plate  in  the  camera  by  light.  On 
applying  a  solution  of  this  salt,  the  image  is  seen  to 
develop,  and  precisely  in  proportion  to  the  light  re- 
flected from  the  various  parts  of  the  object  copied,  so 
will  be  the  intensity  or  blackness  of  the  parts  of  the 
plate  thus  acted  upon.  This  first  picture  is  termed  a 
negative,  the  lights  and  shades,  as  seen  in  nature, 
being  in  it  reversed;  for  instance,  the  sky  of  a  land- 
scape, as  reflecting  most  light,  would  be  black,  and 
the  dark-shaded  parts  of  trees  would  be  represented 
on  the  plate  as  parts  much  less  opaque,  shading  off  to 
a  point  at  which  the  glass  has  been  entirely  protected 
by  the  deep  shade  of  foliage;  or  a  portrait  may  be 
taken  as  another  illustration;  in  this  case,  the  face 
would  be  more  or  less  dark,  the  white  shirt  black, 
and  dark  clothes  more  or  less  light  in  the  negative. 

Now  the  development  of  this  image,  as  I  have 
shown,  must  take  place  in  yellow  light;  it  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  all  sensitive  salts  should  be  removed 
before  viewing  it  by  daylight,  and  thus  the  further 
action  of  white  light  is  arrested.  For  this  purpose 
it  is  only  necessary  to  wash  off  the  developing  solu- 


10 

tions  with  water,  and  act  upon  the  iodides  and  bro- 
mides by  means  of  any  solvent  capable  of  removing 
these  salts  from  the  film ;  the  cyanide  of  potassium 
performs  this  operation  effectually;  and,  lastly,  when 
( the  excess  of  cyanide  has  in  its  turn  been  removed  by 
washing  with  water,  the  negative  picture  is  completed, 
and  may  now  be  dried  and  varnished.  When  viewed 
by  transmitted  light,  a  perfect  representation  of  the 
subject  is  seen,  the  lights  and  shades  being  reversed. 
Such  a  picture,  although  highly  interesting,  and  beau- 
tiful in  the  extreme,  would  be  considered  useless  as  a 
work  of  art;  moreover  it  is  upon  glass,  consequently 
liable  to  injury.  It  is  at  this  stage,  therefore,  that  we 
avail  ourselves  of  the  paper  process  before  alluded  to, 
and  the  advantage  of  such  a  process  for  the  produc- 
tion of  the  prints,  or  positive  pictures,  as  they  are 
called,  is  at  once  apparent. 

The  negative  picture  thus  produced  may  be  looked 
upon  as  a  matrix  for  the  production  of  any  number 
of  positives,  the  process  is  most  simple,  and  if  the 
reader  comprehends  that  which  has  been  already 
written,  it  becomes  evident  that  light  passing  through 
the  negative  on  to  a  sensitive  paper,  prepared  as  be- 
fore described,  will  be  admitted  or  intercepted  in  pro- 
portion to  the  resistance  offered  to  its  passage  by  the 
opaque  or  shaded  parts  of  the  negative,  and  the  re- 
sulting positive  on  paper  will  be  consequently  the 
reverse  of  that  on  glass,  the  lights  and  shades  being 
found  now  to  occupy  their  correct  positions.  This 
end  is  brought  about  by  merely  placing  the  face  of 
the  negative  in  close  contact  with  the  surface  of  the 
sensitive  paper,  subjecting  both  to  very  slight  pres- 
sure in  a  suitable  frame,  sufficient  to  prevent  shifting 


11 

and  to  insure  perfect  and  equal  contact;  they  are  now 
exposed,  so  placed,  to  the  action  of  light  for  the  proper 
time,  this  being  ascertained  by  an  occasional  exami- 
nation of  the  print  during  exposure. 

As  in  the  completion  of  a  negative  picture,  the 
superfluous  sensitive  salts  must  be  washed  out;  an 
agreeable  tone  is  then  imparted  to  the  proof  by 
immersion  in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  gold,  and  the 
excess  of  chloride  of  silver  removed  by  means  of  a 
proper  solvent  (hyposulphite  of  soda);  the  print  is 
then  freely  washed  in  water,  dried,  and  mounted. 

The  finished  photograph  is  a  marvel  of  science ;  it 
calls  forth  the  admiration  even  of  him  who  is  little 
skilled  in  the  technicalities  of  art,  appealing  as  it  does 
to  a  new  sensation,  that  vibrates  with  a  strange  plea- 
sure on  viewing  for  the  first  time,  a  picture  having 
reality  in  the  perfection  of  its  light  and  shade,  the 
gradations  produced  being  so  delicate  and  subtle,  as 
to  set  at  defiance  both  the  painter's  brush  and  the 
graver's  tool.  In  this  consist  the  charm,  the  perfec- 
tion, and  the  individuality  of  photographic  art. 


HOW  TO  MAKE  THE  NEGATIVE, 


USING 


COLLODION  BROMO-IODIZED 


FOR 


IRON  DEVELOPMENT. 


1. — THE  edges  of  the  glass  should  be  ground  all 
round,  also  slightly  on  the  surface  of  the  edges;  this 
prevents  contraction  of  the  film,  enabling  it  to  resist 
the  action  of  a  heavy  stream  of  water;  mark  one  side 
in  the  corner  with  a  diamond,  and  upon  this  side  be- 
stow the  greatest  care. 

2. — To  CLEAN  THE  GLASS  IF  NEW. — Make  a  mix- 
ture of  Spirits  of  wine  and  Solution  of  Ammonia, 
equal  parts :  render  it  as  thick  as  cream  with  Tripoli ; 
with  a  piece  of  cotton-wool  kept  for  this  purpose  rub 
a  small  quantity  over  that  side  marked  as  described, 
wash  well  under  a  tap  of  water,  and  wipe  dry  with  a 
piece  of  old  linen,  washed  without  soap,  and  kept 
scrupulously  clean  for  this  purpose.  Plates  should 
not,  however,  be  cleaned  in  the  operating  room  with 
the  above  mixture;  the  vapor  of  ammonia  might 
prove  injurious  to  the  chemicals. —  Vide  also  my  paper 
on  cleaning  the  plate. 


13 

3. — Now  polish  with  an  old  white  silk  handker- 
chief; if  this  latter  precaution  be  not  taken,  small 
particles  of  linen  will  be  left  upon  the  plate ;  these 
are  perhaps  only  seen  when  draining  off  the  collodion, 
they  form  nuclei  and  eddies,  checking  the  collodion 
in  its  course;  some  of  these  minute  fibres  are  washed 
off  and  contaminate  the  next  picture.  To  all  lovers 
of  clean  pictures  my  advice,  therefore,  is,  having  well 
dried  the  plate  with  old  linen,  lay  it,  clean  side  up- 
wards, upon  a  few  sheets  of  common  glazed  demy 
paper  (not  blotting),  and  rub  it  hard  with  the  silk 
until  sensibly  warm  ;  this  has  the  double  advantage 
of  dispersing  fibres  and  moisture,  for  all  glass  plates 
are  slightly  in  a  hygrometric  condition.  Double  the 
silk  rubber  up  to  form  a  pad,  and  with  this  the  glass 
must  be  firmly  dusted  down  just  before  pouring  on  the 
collodion,  which  will  then  run  most  evenly ;  if  the 
coated  plate  is  now  viewed  by  transmitted  light  not  a 
speck  or  blemish  will  be  seen  upon  it.  When  a  plate, 
cleaned  as  above  described,  is  breathed  upon,  the 
moisture  does  not  evaporate  slowly,  but  flies  off.  Do 
not  be  afraid  of  putting  the  glass  into  an  electrical 
condition  with  the  silk  rubber;  on  this  account  objec- 
tions have  been  raised  to  the  use  of  silk  ;  practically, 
however,  I  find  it  a  most  valuable  auxiliary  in  this 
starting  point  of  the  process,  the  perfect  manipulation 
of  which  makes  an  important  difference  in  the  value 
of  the  finished  picture.  What  can  be  more  unartistic 
and  annoying  to  an  educated  eye  than  spots,  patches, 
stars,  and  sky  rockets,  the  forms  and  shapes  of  which 
rival,  in  numberless  variety,  a  display  of  fireworks  ] 
Let  us  not,  therefore,  be  contented  with  pictures,  how- 
ever good  in  other  respects,  presenting  these  deformi- 
ties— so  many  blots  on  the  photographic  escutcheon. 


14 

N.  B. — To  CLEAN  A  GLASS  AFTER  HAYING  USED  IT, 
WHEN  NOT  VARNISHED. — Wash  off  the  collodion  film 
with  water,  then  clean  the  marked  side  with  plain 
Tripoli  and  water,  and  dry  as  above. 

To  COAT  THE  PLATE. — First  remove  all  lU^particles 
of  dried  collodion  from  the  mouth  of  the  b(^Je.  Now 
pour  upon  the  centre  of  the  cleaned  glass  as  much 
collodion  as  it  will  hold ;  do  not  perform  this  opera- 
tion hurriedly,  take  time,  and  systematically  incline 
the  plate  in  such  a  manner  that  the  collodion  may  run 
into  each  corner  in  succession;  when  perfectly  cov- 
ered, pour  off  gently  the  excess  into  the  bottle  at  one 
of  the  corners  nearest  to  you;  with  observation  and 
practice,  dexterity  is  easily  acquired.  There  are 
many  ways  of  coating  the  plate ;  each  person  will 
adopt  that  which  practice  teaches  him  is  best.  The 
pneumatic  plate  holder  is  a  convenient  little  instru- 
ment to  use  for  holding  the  plate  whilst  pouring  on 
the  collodion  ;  it  may  be  used  for  both  small  and  large 
plates. 

N.B. — Keep  the  corner  of  the  glass  plate  in  contact 
with  the  neck  of  the  bottle  whilst  pouring  off  the 
collodion,  otherwise  the  film  will  be  wavy  in  places. 

4. — As  soon  as  the  collodion  ceases  to  run,  plunge 
the  prepared  glass  gently  without  stopping  into  the 
Nitrate  of  Silver  Bath. —  Vide  instructions  for  making 
the  Nitrate  of  Silver  Bath. 

5. — Allow  the  prepared  glass  to  remain  in  this  bath 
from  five  to  ten  minutes,  according  to  the  tempera- 
ture. Move  it  up  and  down  three  or  four  times, 
whilst  in  the  bath,  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  greasy 
appearance  on  the  surface;  drain  it,  but  not  too 
closely;  when  in  the  frame,  place  upon  the  back  a 


15 

piece  of  common  blotting-paper  to  absorb  moisture ; 
the  two  lower  silver  wires  should  be  covered  with 
slips  of  blotting  paper;  the  sooner  it  is  placed  in  the 
camera  the  better. 

6. — The  time  of  exposure  can  only  be  ascertained 
by  practice — no  rules  can  be  laid  down — and  I  am 
unacquainted  with  any  royal  road,  but  that  of  ex- 
perience, leading  to  constant  success  in  this  most  im- 
portant point. 

7. — The  plate  having  been  taken  from  the  camera, 
and  placed  upon  a  levelled  stand,  or  held  in  the  hand, 
develop  immediately  the  latent  image  with  the  fol- 
lowing solution: — 

IRON  DEVELOPING  SOLUTION. 

Protosulphate  of  Iron  .  i  oz. 

Glacial  Acetic  Acid    .  .  i  " 

Spirits  of  Wine     .     .  .  \  " 

Distilled  Water     .     .  .  8  "     Mix. 

Pour  on  of  this  solution  only  enough  to  cover  the 
plate  easily,  commencing  at  that  edge  of  the  negative 
which  stood  uppermost  in  the  camera,  move  the  solu- 
tion to  and  fro  until  it  has  become  intimately  mixed 
with  the  silver  on  the  plate,  then  pour  off  into  the 
developing  glass,  and  at  once  return  it  on  to  the  plate  ; 
when  as  much  intensity  has  been  obtained  as  possible 
with  the  iron  developer,  it  should  be  thoroughly  re- 
moved by  washing  with  water;  any  intensity  may  be 
obtained  afterwards  by  using  either  of  the  following 
solutions: — 


16 


INTENSIFYING  SOLUTION. 

Pyrogallic  Acid     ...     6  grs. 
Glacial  Acetic  Acid  .     .     i  oz. 
Distilled  Water     ...     6  ozs.     Mix. 

A  few  drops  of  a  30-gr.  solution  of  Nitrate  of  Silver, 
the  quantity  to  be  regulated  according  to  the  in- 
tensity required,  to  be  added,  afc  the  moment  of  using, 
to  as  much  of  the  Pyrogallic  Solution  as  may  be 
necessary. 

INTENSIFYING  SOLUTION. — (Another  Form.) 

No.  1. 
Pyrogallic  Acid      ...     8  grs. 

Citric  Acid 20    " 

Distilled  Water       ...     2  ozs. 

No.  2. 

Nitrate  of  Silver     ...     8  grs. 
Distilled  Water      ...     2  ozs. 

Mix  small  quantities  of  the  solutions  Nos.  1  and  2  in 
equal  portions,  the  moment  before  using. 

The  pyrogallic  solution,  made  with  good  acetic 
acid,  may  be  kept  for  a  month  or  more  in  a  cool 
place.  Nevertheless,  if  the  conditions  of  light  and 
situation  are  unfavorable,  I  should  prefer  this  solu- 
tion just  made.  The  iron  solutions  act  best  when 
freshly  prepared. 

It  is  supposed  by  some  that  a  prolonged  action  of 
the  iron  developer  produces  fogginess ;  this  may  be 
the  case  when  impure  or  improperly  prepared  collo- 
dion is  used,  but  certainly  not  when  this  preparation 
is  pure  and  of  the  proper  quality. 


17 

Some  operators  are  in  the  habit  of  flushing  the 
plate  with  the  iron  solution,  causing  it  to  run  off  and 
carry  with  it  all  the  silver  on  the  plate.  This  prac- 
tice cannot  be  too  strongly  condemned.  A  protest 
against  it  by  a  writer  in  the  "American  Journal  of 
Photography,"  is  made  in  such  forcible  language,  that 
I  give  it  in  his  own  words,  at  the  same  time  adding, 
as  the  result  of  my  own  observations,  that  no  amount 
of  silver  used  afterwards,  compensates  for  the  loss  of 
that,  which  has  been  carelessly  washed  off  by  dashing 
on  the  developer.  The  silver  retained  on  the  plate, 
and  present  during  the  action  of  light  upon  it  in  the 
camera,  imparts  a  peculiar  quality  to  the  developed 
picture.  The  writer  referred  to  above,  says: — 

"The  reckless  style  of  manipulation  seems  to  me 
to  be  the  origin  of  a  vicious  style  of  developing,  which 
with  many  has  become  a  habit,  and  a  practice  which 
is  sometimes  defended.  I  allude,  to  the  dashing  on 
the  developer,  and  deluging  the  plate  with  it.  Did 
it  ever  occur  to  those  who  develop  in  this  way,  that 
the  developer  was  needed  on  the  plate  and  not  in  the 
sink'?  that  the  silver  which  might  have  assisted  to 
strengthen  an  image  is  swept  away  beyond  reach  1 
In  my  opinion,  about  half  the  re-developments  and 
strengthenings  might  be  omitted,  except  for  this 
washing  away  of  the  life  of  pictures. 

"The  rule  ought  to  be  in  treating  a  plate,  not  to 
spill  a  drop  of  collodion,  developer,  or  fixing.'  Some 
may  fear  fogging,  or  over  development,  by  following 
such  a  system.  But  let  such  try  the  plan  thought- 
fully, and  they  will  find  their  fears  are  groundless. 
Let  them  recall  their  ordinary  rules,  and  the  seeming 
difficulties  vanish.  If  the  developer  is  too  active,  add 
acid,  or  dilute. 
2 


18 

/- 

"The  chief  item  in  my  receipt  for  intense  negatives 
is,  Do  not  spill  the  developer." 

I  have  heard  it  remarked  by  excellent  operators, 
that  unless  the  plate  be  flooded  in  the  way  described, 
the  negative  would  be  stained  all  over;  such  an  evil 
can  only  be  due  to  the  imperfect  qualityvof  the  collo- 
dion used,  and  my  advice  is,  under  such  circum- 
stances, to  let  it  go  the  way  of  all  worthless  rubbish. 

8. — When  the  image  is  sufficiently  intense,  wash 
freely  with  common  filtered  water;  then  pour  on  a 
saturated  solution  of  Hyposulphite  of  Soda,  which 
should  immediately  remove  the  iodide  of  silver:  wash 
again  well  with  water;  allow  as  much  as  the  plate 
will  hold  to  soak  in  for  at  least  a  quarter  of  an  hour, 
changing  the  water  occasionally,  to  remove  all  traces 
of  hyposulphite ;  lastly,  wash  the  plate  with  a  little 
distilled  water,  stand  up  to  dry,  and  if  required,  var- 
nish either  with  spirit  or  amber  varnish. 

The  following  solution  is  also  very  commonly  used 
for  fixing  the  negative: — 

Cyanide  of  Potassium     .     .     i  oz. 
Water  12  ozs. 


REMARKS  ON  THE  USE 


OF 


COLLODION  IODIZED 


FOR 


PYROGALLIC  DEVELOPMENT 


THE  collodion  for  use  with  pyrogallic  acid  only,  as 
the  developer,  is  iodized,  either  with  iodide  of  cad- 
mium or  iodide  of  potassium,  but  whatever  iodide  be 
used,  no  salt  of  bromine  should  be  added  to  the  col- 
lodion. 

Formerly  this  was  the  only  preparation  used  by 
photographers  for  the  production  of  negatives,  but 
now  it  has  been  superseded  by  the  bromo-iodized 
collodion  for  iron  development.  Considerable  inten- 
sity is  easily  obtained  with  this  preparation ;  there 
is,  however,  always  a  danger  of  producing  negatives 
too  black  and  white,  the  contrasts  being  too  violent ; 
it  is,  however,  still  employed  by  some  most  skilful 
photographers,  both  professional  and  amateur.  The 
question  is  often  asked,  Which  collodion  do  you 
recommend  for  general  use  I  It  will  be  best  answered 
by  giving  a  description  of  the  properties  of  both  a 
plain  iodized  collodion  and  one  containing  a  bromide: 
the  operator  can  then  select  for  himself. 


20 


PLAIN  IODIZED  COLLODION. 

Properties  briefly  stated : — 

1. — Its  special  fitness  for  use  with  a  pyrogallic 
acid  developer,  with  which  the  maximum  of  intensity 
is  obtainable. 

2. — Its  suitability  also  for  use  with  an  iron  de- 
veloper, with  which  a  little  more  detail  is  obtained, 
and  a  modification  of  the  intensity  of  the  image. 

BROMO-IODIZED  COLLODION. 

The  characters  of  a  Bromo-Iodized  Collodion  are 
marked  and  well-defined ;  they  may  be  briefly 
stated : — 

1. — Its  special  fitness  for  use  with  an  iron  de- 
veloper, giving  the  maximum  amount  of  half-tone 
obtainable. 

2. — A  decided  decrease  in  the  intensity  of  the 
image. 

•  3. — A  peculiar  property  of  resisting  solarization 
of  those  parts  of  the  image  strongly  lighted,  which 
enables  the  operator  to  expose  his  plate  long  enough 
to  bring  out  details  in  deep  shadow,  without  impair- 
ing the  definition  of  those  portions  of  the  picture, 
first  impressed  on  the  plate. 


It  will  be  at  once  gathered  from  these  remarks 
that  a  Bromo-Iodized  Collodion  gives  the  utmost 
amount  of  half-tone  obtainable,  when  used  with  an 
iron  developer.  There  is  still  a  difference  of  opinion 


2L 

among  photographers  as  to  the  value  of  the  two  pre- 
parations ;  some  prefer  a  plain  Iodized  Collodion, 
with  an  iron  or  pyrogallic  developer,  whilst  the 
majority  always  use  a  Bromo-Iodized  Collodion.  I 
myself  think  that  the  latter  preparation  is  decidedly 
best  adapted  for  the  production  of  that  class  of 
pictures,  now  generally  considered  to  be  the  most 
pleasing  and  artistic.  Bearing,  however,  in  mind 
the  character  of  each  preparation,  it  is  better  to  be 
provided  with  plain  Iodized  Collodion,  which  can  be 
mixed  in  suitable  proportions  with  that  Bromo- 
Iodized,  for  the  purpose  of  modifying  the  results. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  give  the  formula  for  Pyro- 
gallic Acid  developer,  for  the  method  of  working  and 
rules  to  be  observed  are  precisely  the  same  as  those 
described  in  the  preceding  chapter. 

PYROGALLIC  SOLUTION. 

Pyrogallic  Acid     ...     6  grains. 

Glacial  Acetic  Acid  .     .     ^  oz.  • 

Distilled  Water     ...     6  ozs.     Mix. 

In  cases  where  it  is  desirable  to  add  to  the  in- 
tensity of  the  negative,  a  few  drops  of  a  30-grain 
solution  of  Nitrate  of  Silver  may  be  mixed  with  the 
developing  liquid  towards  the  end  of  the  develop- 
ment. 

The  Collodion  Iodized  with  Cadmium  retains  its 
sensitiveness  without  change  for  years.  The  Collo- 
dion Iodized  with  Potassium  undergoes  a  slow  change 
when  kept  for  some  time  Iodized ;  this  property  is 
much  esteemed  by  professional  photographers  who 
require  Collodion  in  various  conditions  of  sensitive- 
ness and  intensity. 


22 


ATTENTION  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  RULES 
AND  CAUTIONS  WILL  ASSIST  THE 
OPERATOR  IN  THE  PRODUCTION  OF 
PERFECT  PICTURES. 

1. — Do  not  disturb  the  deposit  which  will  occa- 
sionally be  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  bottle  con- 
taining the  Collodion. 

2. — Remove  all  particles  of  dried  film  from  the 
neck  of  the  bottle  before  pouring  Ihe  Collodion  on 
the  plate. 

3. — Never  use  damp  clothes,  leathers,  or  buffs,  for 
giving  the  final  polish  to  the  plate ;  negatives  with 
an  indistinct  and  muddy  surface  are  frequently  pro- 
duced from  this  cause. 

4. — Let  the  film  set  properly  before  immersion  in 
the  Nitrate  of  Silver  Bath;  its  condition  can  be 
ascertained  by  gently  touching  the  lower  part  of  the 
coated  plate  with  the  end  of  the  finger. 

5. — Never  omit  to  pass  a  broad  camel-hair  brush 
over  the  plate  just  before  pouring  on  the  Collodion. 

6. — Bear  in  mind  that,  as  light  is  the  producing 
agent,  so  will  it  prove  a  destructive  one ;  not  less 
than  four  folds  of  yellow  calico  should  be  used  to 
obstruct  white  light ;  and  in  that  case  the  aperture 
covered  should  be  no  larger  than  is  necessary  to 
admit  sufficient  light  for  working  by.  Examine  oc- 
casionally the  yellow  calico;  when  this  material  is 
used  to  exclude  white  light,  it  becomes  bleached  by 
constant  exposure.  Do  not  trust  alone  to  any  colored 


glass ;   no  glass  yet  made  is  adi-actinic  under  all  as- 
pects of  light  and  conditions  of  exposure. 

7. — When  the  negative  requires  intensifying,  care- 
fully wash  off  all  traces  of  the  first  developing  solu- 
tion before  proceeding  to  intensify.  This  operation 
may  be  performed  either  before  or  after  the  Iodide  is 
removed  by  fixing. 

8. — Glass  Baths  are  preferable  to  Porcelain,  Ebon- 
ite, or  Gutta-Percha  Baths  for  solution  of  Nitrate  of 
Silver. 

9. — In  using  either  Spirit  or  Amber  Varnish,  be- 
fore pouring  it  off,  keep  the  plate  horizontal  a  few 
seconds — this  gives  time  for  soaking  in,  and  prevents 
the  formation  of  a  dull  surface  arising  from  too  thin 
a  coating. 

10. — Rub  the  lenses  occasionally  with  a  soft  and 
clean  wash  leather ;  the  rapidity  of  action  is  much 
influenced  by  the  brightness  of  the  lenses:  their 
surfaces  are  constantly  affected  by  moisture  in  the 
atmosphere,  which,  condensing,  destroys  the  bril- 
liancy of  the  image. 

11. — The  white  blotting-paper  used  for  some  pho- 
tographic purposes  is  not  suitable  for  filtering  solu- 
tions ;  that  only  should  be  employed  which  is  made 
for  this  purpose,  and  is  sold  under  the  name  of  filter- 
ing-paper. 

12. — HYPOSULPHITE  OF  SODA. — A  great  deal  of  rub- 
bish is  sold  under  the  name  of  this  salt ;  as  a  test  of 
its  quality,  li  drachms  should  entirely  dissolve  in 
one  drachm  of  water,  and  this  solution  should  dissolve 
rather  more  than  4i  grains  of  Iodide  of  Silver. 

13. — CHEMICALS. — The  purity  of  photographic 
chemicals  cannot  be  too  strongly  urged — the  cheapest 
are  not  always  the  most  economical.  The  commercial 


24 

preparations  are  generally  not  to  be  depended  upon, 
as  these,  though  perhaps  unadulterated,  are,  strictly 
speaking,  not  chemically  pure.  It  is  best  to  procure 
them  from  well-known  chemists,  who  understand  the 
purpose  for  which  they  are  intended,  and  make  the 
preparation  of  these  substances  peculiarly  a  branch  of 
their  business. 

14. — Never  leave  chemical  solutions  exposed  in 
dishes ;  when  done  with,  pour  them  back  into  glass- 
stoppered  bottles  and  decant  for  use  from  any  deposit, 
or  filter  if  necessary. 

15. — In  all  photographic  processes  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  be  chemically  clean ;  and  this  sometimes 
is  not  easy :  as  a  rule,  never  be  satisfied  with  cleanly 
appearances  only,  but  take  such  measures  as  shall 
insure  the  absence  of  all  the  extraneous  matter  in  pre- 
paring the  solutions,  cleaning  the  glasses,  dishes,  £c. 

16. — All  stains  on  the  hands,  linen,  &c.,  may  be 
removed  by  means  of  Cyanogen  Soap  or  Cyanide  of 
Potassium,  which  should  be  applied  without  water  at 
first,  then  thoroughly  washed  off.  To  assist  the 
operation,  the  hands  may  be  now  gently  rubbed  with 
a  fine  piece  of  purnice-stone,  when  the  stains  quickly 
disappear. 


'-'5 


NOTES. 

1'. — WHEN  working  with  a  double  lens  in  the  open 
air,  or  in  situations  where  there  is  much  light,  the 
full  aperture  of  the  lens  being  used,  it  is  necessary  to 
provide  against  the  action  of  diffused  general  light 
which,  under  these  circumstances,  enters  the  lens, 
destroying  the  brilliancy  and  intensity  of  the  image 
— in  fact,  acts  chemically  over  the  plate ;  thus  giving 
a  muddy,  flat,  or  otherwise  imperfect  picture — an 
appearance  corresponding  to  the  fog  produced  by 
some  collodions.  This  general  action  of  diffused 
light,  during  the  exposure  of  the  plate  in  the  camera, 
interferes  subsequently  with  a  prolonged  or  even 
necessary  development.  My  attention  was  drawn 
more  particularly  to  this  fact,  from  the  circumstance 
of  having  to  make  alterations  in  my  glass  room  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  twice  the  amount  of  light ; 
when  completed,  I  was  quite  unable  to  take  a  picture, 
simply  because  the  extra  light  introduced,  although 
a  north  light,  interfered  with  the  darkness  necessary 
for  the  production  of  clean  and  vigorous  pictures  in 
the  camera.  The  remedy  for  this  is  simple :  I  screw 
on  to  the  front  of  my  camera  a  sliding  dark  box, 
open  at  the  end.  I  can,  by  this  means,  regulate  the 
amount  of  protection  according  to  circumstances,  viz.? 
from  twelve  to  twenty-four  inches ;  brilliant  and 
intense  negatives  are  thus  obtained.  Now  remove 
the  protector,  and  the  reverse  is  evident ;  the  picture 
is  flat,  faint,  shows  a  want  of  detail  and  a  general 
tendency  to  blacken  over  under  the  influence  of  the 


26 

developer.  It  is  obvious  that  this  arrangement  is 
more  particularly  useful  when  double  lenses  with 
large  aperture  are  used. 

2. — Under  all  circumstances,  throw  a  large  black 
cloth  over  the  slide  when  placed  in  position,  and  if 
the  camera  has  a  sliding  front,  let  the  black  cloth 
hang  a  few  inches  over  the  front  of  the  camera, 
before  drawing  up  the  shutter;  now  put  the  left 
hand  underneath  the  cloth,  place  this  on  the  top  of 
the  slide  to  keep  it  in  place,  and  with  the  right  hand 
outside  feel  for  the  leather  tongue ;  pull  up  the  cloth 
and  shutter  together ;  the  cloth  should  not  be  re- 
moved until  the  slide  has  again  been  closed ;  this 
sufficiently  indicates  the  necessity  for  preventing 
ever  so  slight  a  ray  of  light  attacking  the  plate 
during  the  exposure.  First-rate  pictures  cannot  be 
obtained  in  the  open  air,  unless  this  precaution  be 
taken. 

3. — Use  as  little  light  as  possible  in  the  dark 
room  ;  the  quantity  must  be  regulated  by  the  aspect 
of  the  window  through  which  the  yellow  light  is 
admitted.  A  candle  would  entirely  spoil  a  collodion 
plate,  unless  protected  by  means  of  a  yellow  calico 
shade. 

4. — Condition  of  collodion  best  suited  for  different 
purposes : — For  portraiture  with  a  double  lens,  mix 
the  collodion  twelve  or  twenty-four  hours  before  it  is 
required  for  use ;  the  picture  thus  obtained  is  more 
intense  than  when  collodion  recently  mixed  is  used. 
For  works  of  art  and  still  objects,  &c.,  collodion  a 
week  old  is  best;  and  for  landscapes,  a  greater 
general  intensity  and  sufficient  rapidity  of  action  are 
obtained,  when  the  collodion  has  been  mixed  a 
fortnight.  For  black  and  white  objects,  i.  e.,  engrav- 
ings, &c.,  use  collodion  a  month  old. 


21 

5. — Collodion  in  hot  weather  may  become  too 
thick  to  use  conveniently ;  it  should  then  be  slightly 
diluted  with  a  mixture  made  of  two  parts  of  ether 
and  one  part  of  absolute  alcohol  of  known  purity, 
and  well  shaken. 

6. — THE  CAMERA  DESCRIBED. — A  good  and  well- 
made  camera  is  more  or  less  useful  in  proportion  to 
the  skill  bestowed  on  its  construction.  The  best 
seasoned  wood  and  most  accurate  measurements  are 
necessary ;  moreover,  every  part  must  be  easily  under 
command.  A  camera  should  be  made  on  the  most 
simple  principles ;  all  unnecessary  complication  of 
screws  and  joints  avoided.  Let  strength,  simplicity ', 
and  correct  workmanship  be  the  primary  considera- 
tion. For  the  collodion  process,  I  prefer  a  plain 
sliding  trunk  camera,  half  the  bottom  board  hinged 
to  turn  up — thus  forming  a  box  in  which  to  pack  and 
carry  some  of  the  necessary  apparatus,  and  a  stout 
handle  screwed  to  the  top.  The  camera  should  also 
have  a  sliding  front,  by  means  of  which  the  lens  is 
made  to  move  vertically,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting 
off  foreground — an  arrangement  at  times  desirable 
when  other  portions  of  the  picture  are  of  more  im- 
portance. The  piece  of  ground-glass  upon  which 
the  image  falls  must  be  finely  ground  plate  ;  and  if 
an  upset  or  smash  occurs,  take  care,  in  replacing,  that 
the  ground  side  faces  the  inside  of  the  camera. 
Double  slides  are  most  convenient  for  the  dry  plate 
processes  ;  these  slides  are  hinged  and  open  in  the 
centre ;  the  sensitive  plates  are  then  placed  face 
downwards,  and  shut  up  back  to  back,  with  two 
pieces  of  blotting-paper  or  a  diaphragm  between 
them.  The  slide  for  wet  collodion  is,  of  course,  con- 
structed on  a  different  principle ;  it  contains  a  frame 
to  hold  the  collodionized  glass,  which  rests  upon 


28 

* 

silver  wires  inserted  diagonally  at  each  corner ;  the 
loose  frame  is  hollowed  out  to  prevent  the  wood  com- 
ing in  contact  with  the  wet  silvered  plate.  A  very 
slight  imperfection  in  the  collodion  slide,  sufficient  to 
admit*  an  infinitesimal  ray  of  light,  would  have  a 
damaging  effect  upon  the  beauty  and  perfection  of 
the  negative  picture. 

Expanding  or  bellows  cameras  are  now  excellently 
constructed  ;  they  are  very  light  and  rigid  ;  the  focus 
can  be  obtained  with  great  precision  and  ease  by 
means  of  a  screw  movement. 

THE  LENS. — GENERAL  REMARKS. — It  is  a  mistaken 
economy  to  purchase  cheap  and  inferior  lenses  :  if 
photography  be  worth  doing  at  all,  it  is  certainly 
worth  while  to  do  it  well.  A  good  lens  is  the  photo- 
grapher's sine  qua  non.  The  double  combination  is 
used  for  portraits,  and  in  all  cases  where  great  rapidity 
of  action  is  desirable.  These  lenses  do  not  cover  a 
large  surface,  but  the  size  of  the  picture  may  be  in- 
creased, if  the  time  of  exposure  is  immaterial,  by 
making  use  of  smaller  stops,  even  to  the  size  of  half 
an  inch  in  diameter.  At  times,  such  an  arrangement 
with  the  double  lens  is  useful.  A  lens  which  covers 
six  by  five  inches  can  thus  be  made  to  give  a  picture 
sharp  to  the  edges  eight  by  six  inches,  or  even  more. 
Reduced  copies  of  oil  paintings  are  advantageously 
made  with  a  double  lens  and  small  stop. 

The  triplet  lens  is  now  used  for  landscapes,  and 
copying  still  objects  and  works  of  art  generally.  It 
is  furnished  with  different  stops ;  when  the  object  to 
be  taken  is  well  lighted,  the  smallest  may  be  em- 
ployed ;  but  for  masses  of  dark  foliage,  &c.,  the 
larger  stop  should  be  made  use  of.  A  little  observa- 
tion and  exercise  of  judgment  will  soon  determine 


29 

the  operator  in  the  use  of  his  stops.  The  rack  and 
pinion  movement  to  the  portrait  lens  is  desirable,  as 
it  can  be  readily  reached  with  the  hand,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  getting  the  sharpest  focus.  I  consider  that 
this  addition  to  the  landscape  lens  is  unnecessary, 
owing  to  its  greater  focal  length,  which  makes  the 
rack  and  pinion  movement  inconvenient  to  use.  A 
perfect  focus  can  always  be  obtained  with  a  well-made 
sliding  camera.  Portraits  and  groups  can  also  be 
taken  in  the  open  air  with  the  triplet,  in  a  good  light. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  conclude  with  a  few 
general  remarks  worthy  of  consideration  when  abso- 
lutely perfect  negatives  are  desired: — The  sliding 
body  of  the  camera  should  undoubtedly  be  lined  with 
black  cotton  or  silk  velvet.  I  prefer  the  latter,  the 
black  dye  of  silk  being  more  permanent.  Landscape 
lenses,  under  very  many  circumstances,  should  be 
protected  as  much  as  possible  from  reflected  light, 
entering  the  tube  of  brasswork,  by  means  of  a  shade 
over  the  upper  portion  of  the  tube  ;  this  helps  to 
prevent  solarization  of  the  sky.  The  shade  need  not 
project  beyond  four  inches ;  a  piece  of  brown  paper 
and  string  answer  the  purpose. 

To  prove  the  necessity  for  this  precaution,  focus  a 
landscape,  withdraw  the  ground-glass,  throwr  the  vel- 
vet over  your  head,  and  look  into  the  camera.  A 
considerable  quantity  of  light  will  be  perceived  on 
the  lower  surface  of  the  lens  tube ;  place  a  shade 
over  the  upper  portion  of  the  tube,  and  the  extraneous 
light  will  vanish.  All  rays  of  light  that  do  not  actu- 
ally emanate  from  the  object  to  be  copied  ought  to  be 
dispensed  with,  when  brilliancy  of  image  is  aimed  at. 
It  cannot  be  too  frequently  urged  that  the  velvet  cloth 
must  be  thrown  over  the  slide  when  in  position,  be- 
fore pulling  up  the  shutter ;  and  also  that  this  should 


30 

be  large  enough  to  extend  somewhat  over  the  rigid 
portion  of  the  camera,  in  order  to  prevent  light  en- 
tering the  sliding  body. 

I  would  remark,  in  conclusion,  that  experiments 
with  ordinary  double  lenses  of  short  focal  length  are, 
comparatively  speaking,  worthless  for  testing  the 
actual  value  of  photographic  preparations  or  pro- 
cesses; the  results  obtained  on  small  plates  are  also 
not  sufficiently  conclusive.  In  order  to  arrive  at  a 
full  and  satisfactory  conclusion,  when  working  either 
for  the  purpose  of  chemical  investigation  in  photog- 
raphy, or  with  a  view  of  establishing  the  value  of  any 
process,  plates  not  less  than  10  by  8  inches  should  be 
used,  and  a  single  lens  of  ordinary  focal  length,  with 
not  more  than  half  an  inch  aperture.  I  have  for 
some  time  past  adopted  this  course,  and  have  found 
in  every  respect  the  indications  more  valuable  and 
instructive. 

I  would  say  to  all  who  appreciate  this  art  for  its 
great  usefulness  and  numberless  appliances,  don't 
be  contented  with  any  but  the  best  results ;  the 
practised  eye  soon  gets  accustomed  to  detect  flaws 
and  imperfections,  arising  in  some  instances  from  the 
use  of  bad  tools.  The  connoisseur  in  photographic 
matters  has  now  become  fastidious,  and  ceases  to  ad- 
mire a  photograph  for  the  interest  attached  to  its 
wonderful  production;  apart  from  this,  in  the  ad- 
vanced and  perfected  state  of  the  art,  correct  drawing 
and  pleasing  realizations  of  natural  objects  are  looked 
for;  and  surely  we  may  expect,  that  after  twenty 
years  and  more  of  up-hill  labor,  this  young  giant  of 
science  will  stride  rapidly  onwards,  destined,  even 
yet,  to  take  a  much  higher  position  as  ah  important 
and  advancing  art. 


31 


ON  THE  PREPARATION 

OP   A  . 

NORMAL  NITRATE   OF  SILVER  BATH 


THE  quantity  of  nitric  acid  wrapped  up  in  the 
interstices  of  crystals  of  nitrate  of  silver  varies  very 
much,  and  of  course  according  to  the  degree  of 
acidity  of  the  solution  from  which  the  crystals  are 
formed.  My  attention  has  been  given  to  this  sub- 
ject ;  during  my  investigations  I  have  found  a  me- 
thod of  preparing  a  nitrate  of  silver  bath  in  the 
normal  state.  The  process  is  as  follows:  It  is  as- 
sumed that  all  crystals  of  nitrate  of  silver  contain 
more  or  less  a  small  portion  of  nitric  acid ;  fusing,  to 
get  rid  of  its  presence,  is  a  clumsy  and  objectionable 
method,  for  it  is  difficult  to  fuse  nitrate  of  silver, 
even  in  very  small  quantities,  with  a  view  to  per- 
fectly driving  off  the  free  nitric  acid  (for  which  the 
crystals  have  a  great  attraction),  without  producing  a 
new  decomposition  or  contamination;  the  object, 
therefore,  is  to  render  inert  this  free  nitric  acid. 
The  alkaline  carbonates  have  been  suggested:  this 
method,  to  my  mind,  is  very  objectionable;  in  the 
first  place,  a  new  compound  is  introduced,  carbonate 
of  silver;  secondly,  if  too  much  of  the  alkali  be  added, 
the  strength  of  the  silver  bath  is  impaired;  it  is  also 
not  unlikely  that  triple  salts  are  formed.  The  most 
simple,  and  therefore  the  best  plan,  and  one  which  I 


32 

find  answers  invariably,  whether  the  bath  be  old  or 
new,  is  to  add  to  the  prepared  silver  bath  a  small 
quantity  of  freshly  precipitated  oxide  of  silver;  the 
free  nitric  acid  seizes  upon  this  with  avidity,  and 
forms  at  once  nitrate  of  silver  (nitrate  of  silver  being 
a  nitrate  of  oxide  of  silver);  it  matters  not  whether 
just  sufficient  of  this  oxide  be  added  or  a  large  ex- 
cess; if  the  latter,  the  strength  of  the  bath  is  not 
impaired,  the  undissolved  excess  being  simply  left 
upon  the  filter.  Having  treated  the  bath  in  this 
way,  it  is  in  an  alkaline  state,  and  no  picture  can  be 
taken  with  it;  fortunately,  however,  its  condition  is 
perfectly  normal,  for  the  water  which  dissolves  the 
crystals  of  nitrate  of  silver,  dissolves  also  a  specific 
and  homoeopathic  dose  of  the  oxide  used — hence  the 
alkaline  reaction.  It  now  becomes  a  nice  point  to 
act  upon  this  atom  of  oxide  with  nitric  acid:  in  the 
first  place,  the  excess  of  undissolved  oxide  of  silver 
must  be  separated  by  filtration,  and  to  the  bright 
filtered  solution  add  Iths  of  a  minim  of  nitric  acid, 
sp.  gr.  1.50  to  200  ozs.  of  the  bath;  this  quantity  is 
sufficient  to  correct  the  alkalinity  produced  by  the 
presence  of  oxide  of  silver  dissolved  in  the  water  of 
the  bath,  and  at  once,  as  if  by  magic,  a  most  perfect 
picture  can  now  be  produced  ;  the  sensitiveness  of  the 
bath  is  insured  by  the  known  quantity  (being  minute) 
of  the  acid  added. 

I  consider  that  the  presence  of  this  acid,  when  it 
can  be  so  nicely  calculated  as  now  described,  is  far 
less  objectionable  than  the  excess  of  acetic  acid 
sometimes  used,  this  latter  "being  more  volatile,  and 
the  attraction  for  nitrate  of  silver  not  so  strong.  The 
bath,  when  acetic  acid  is  added  to  correct  the  oxide, 
is  liable  to  change  from  a  possible  liberation  of  this 


33 

acid,  due  to  a  want  of  a  powerful  affinity  for  silver, 
which  it  fails  to  possess ;  whereas  the  nitric  acid  now 
recommended,  however  small  the  quantity  present,  is 
with  difficulty  got  rid  of.  The  object  of  this  paper 
is,  therefore,  to  establish  these  facts:  1st.  It  is  best 
to  employ  fine  and  pure  crystals  of  nitrate  of  silver 
for  preparing  the  bath;  2d.  To  get  rid  of  the  excess 
of  acid  wrapped  up  in  their  interstices  by  adding  to 
the  solution  sufficient,  or  an  excess  of  oxide  of  silver; 
3d.  That  the  bath  so  prepared  is  in  a  normal  condi- 
tion; 4th.  To  render  it  efficient  and  in  working 
order,  Iths  of  a  minim  of  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.50,  must 
be  added  to  every  200  ozs.  of  the  filtered  nitrate  of 
silver  bath  to  neutralize  the  oxide  dissolved  by  the 
water;  5th.  It  is  very  evident  that,  having  corrected 
the  nitrate  of  silver  bath  with  the  oxide,  the  undis- 
solved  excess  must  be  filtered  away  before  adding 
the  specified  quantity  of  nitric  acid ;  6th.  I  consider 
that  test-papers  are  not  serviceable  for  indicating  a 
delicately  balanced  state  of  the  nitrate  of  silver  bath, 
in  which  case  a  developed  plate  gives  the  best  indi- 
cation of  its  condition.  I  would  not  for  a  moment 
be  supposed  to  ignore  the  value  of  test-papers  for 
showing  the  presence  of  either  acid  or  alkali  when 
present  in  a  greater  quantity  than  that  now  referred 
to. 

In  this  paper  I  make  reference  to  nitric  acid  for 
correcting,  sp.  gr.  1.50.  Acid  of  this  strength  is  fre- 
quently met  with  in  commerce ;  my  object,  therefore, 
in  taking  this  acid  as  a  standard  of  strength,  is  suffi- 
ciently obvious;  first,  to  show  the  exceedingly  mi- 
nute quantity  necessary  to  produce  the  desired  effect; 
and  secondly,  for  the  convenience  to  be  derived  from 
making  reference  to  nitric  acid  of  usual  strength.  It 
3 


might,  however,  appear  to  many  not  desirous  of 
taking  the  trouble  to  calculate  fractions  of  a  drop, 
that  the  correction  required  for  10  or  20  ozs.  of  the 
bath  must  be  attended  with  some  trouble.  In  order 
to  meet  this  difficulty,  I  subjoin  the  following  alkali 
and  acid  formula: — 

THE  ALKALI. 

Oxide  of  silver  in  a  moist  state. 

THE  DILUTE  ACID. 

Nitric  Acid  1.50      ...     6  minims. 
Distilled  Water  .     .   V   .     1  oz. 

Treat  the  bath,  as  described,  with  the  oxide  of 
silver ;  filter  from  the  excess,  and  add  to  each  20  ozs. 
of  this  filtered  bath,  five  minims  of  the  dilute  nitric 
acid. 


35 


F1  O  R  M  TJ  L, 


FOR  THE  PREPARATION  OF  THE 


NITRATE  OF  SILVER  BATH. 


INTO  a  20  oz.  stoppered  bottle  put 
Nitrate  of  Silver,  1  £  ounces, 
Distilled  Water,  4  ounces — dissolve, 
To  this  solution  add 

Iodide  of  Potassium,  4  grains, 
Dissolved  in  1  drachm  of  distilled  water. 
Mix  these  two  solutions ;  the  precipitate  (iodide  of 
silver)  thus  formed  is,  by  shaking,  entirely  dissolved. 
Add  16  ounces  of  distilled  water,  when  the  excess  of 
iodide  of  silver  is  again  thrown  down,  but  in  such  a 
finely  divided  state  as  to  render  the  saturation  of 
the  bath  with  iodide  of  silver  perfect.  Now  drop  >in 
sufficient  of  the  oxide  of  silver  to  turn  the  turbid 
yellow  solution  a  dirty  brown  color ;  so  long  as  this 
effect  is  produced  the  quantity  of  oxide  of  silver,  how- 
ever much  in  excess,  is  of  no  consequence;  shake  the 
.  bottle  well  for  10  minutes  or  so  at  intervals,  then  add 
alcohol,  30  minims,  and  filter ;  to  the  filtered  solution 
add  dilute  nitric  acid  of  the  strength  stated,  5  minims. 
The  bath  is  now  ready  for  use,  and  should  be  quite 
neutral. 

NOTE. — The  above  formula  has  been  given  for  the 
convenience  and  instruction  of  those  who  may  have 


36 

to  obtain  nitrate  of  silver  that  has  not  been  specially 
dried  and  freed  from  the  excess  of  nitric  acid  for 
photographic  purposes  ;  but  if  the  nitrate  of  silver  be 
pulverized  and  dried  at  212°,  the  free  nitric  acid 
being  thereby  driven  off,  the  oxide  of  silver  and  acid 
may  be  omitted. 

Formerly,  when  plain  iodized  collodion,  potassium 
or  cadmium,  was  used  only,  in  the  bath,  the  oxide  of 
silver  and  acid  could  be  employed  with  advantage, 
at  times,  as  a  corrective ;  but  since  the  introduction 
of  salts  of  ammonium  into  collodion,  giving  rise  to 
the  production,  in  the  bath,  of  nitrate  of  ammonia, 
which  dissolves  oxide  of  silver,  forming  with  it  a 
triple  compound,  it  has  not  been  found  desirable  to 
use  this  preparation  as  a  doctor  for  a  disordered 
bath,  the  remedy  in  such  a  case  being  worse  than 
the  disease. 

Photographers  now  generally  agree  that  it  is  better 
to  set  aside  a  faulty  bath  rather  than  waste  time  in 
vain  attempts  at  doctoring;  but  I  cannot  refrain  from 
stating  how,  as  I  was  informed,  a  perfect  cure  had 
been  effected  by  a  genius,  whose  perseverance  was 
deserving  of  all  praise,  he  having  tried  every  known 
and  unknown  process  with  which  he  was  acquainted, 
or  found  himself  inspired  with  at  the  moment,  at 
last,  dashed  into  the  refractory  solution  a  lump  of 
cyanide  of  potassium,  an  unknown  quantity,  and  as  a 
last  resource,  added  two  drachms  of  the  strongest 
nitric  acid  to  every  pint  of  the  solution!!  This  is 
merely  inserted  as  a  caution,  and  should  be  remem- 
bered as  something  to  avoid  :  the  perfect  cure  may 
be  a  matter  of  opinion. 


37 


OBSERVA.TIONS 


IN    REFERENCE    TO    THE    STATE    OF    THE 


NITRATE  OF  SILVER  BATH, 


AND    ITS    ACTION   UPON 


COLLODIONIZED  PLATES. 


THE  ALKALINE  NORMAL  BATH,  WHEN  FILTERED 
FROM  EXCESS  OF  OXIDE. — The  plate  when  developed 
has  a  grayish  color,  it  is  streaky,  dirty,  and  greasy 
in  appearance ;  the  image  shows  through  the  film  in 
parts  very  faintly:  i.e.,  it  is  only  just  discernible;  the 
developer  flows  over  the  plate  very  easily. 

THE  BATH,  WITH  AN  INSUFFICIENT  QUANTITY  OF 
NITRIC  ACID  AS  A  CORRECTIVE. — The  plate  when  de- 
veloped gives  at  first,  indications  of  a  perfect  pic- 
ture, but  with  a  suspicion  of  full  exposure;  the  proper 
and  gradual  growth  of  intensity  does  not,  however, 
take  place ;  the  half-tints  in  deepest  shadow  are  ren- 
dered, and  show  simultaneously  with  the  high  lights; 
a  flat,  poor,  and  feeble  image  is  the  result ;  if  the 
subject  be  landscape,  the  sky  is  faint,  transparent,  and 
streaky ;  the  exposure  in  the  camera  may  have  been 
very  short,  and  under  this  condition  of  the  bath,  per- 
haps half  the  legitimate  exposure  gives  the  result 
described. 


38 

THE  BATH,  WITH  A  PROPER  QUANTITY  OF  NITRIC 
ACID  AS  A  CORRECTIVE. — The  image  springs  out 
shortly  after  the  developer  is  poured  on  :  first,  of  a 
well  defined  metallic  gray  color,  the  highest  lights 
being  from  the  first  well  defined ;  the  growth  of 
middle  tints  next  becomes  discernible ;  the  parts  in 
deepest  shadow  show  next  in  rotation,  the  whole  pic- 
ture being  evident  before  increase  of  intensity  takes 
place ;  this  now  goes  on  gradually  until  an  unmistak- 
able harmony  pervades  the  whole  ;  the  brilliancy  of 
the  picture  is  well  preserved,  and  no  sign  of  fogging 
exists.  If  the  exposure  has  been  well  timed,  there  is 
not  much  fear  of  over-development.  The  intensity  of 
sky  is  good,  and  uniformly  opaque :  when  viewed  by 
reflected  light,  the  negative  whilst  wet  presents  a 
soft  and  partly  positive  appearance ;  when  dry,  this 
image  is  more  difficult  to  see,  but  it  should  not  be 
too  clouded. 

THE  BATH,  WITH  AN  EXCESS  OF  NITRIC  ACID. — 
The  image  appears  in  parts  of  the  plate  only,  and 
that  with  great  difficulty  ;  the  black  deposit  is  very 
transparent ;  it  is  altogether  most  evident  that  the 
deoxidizer  acts  inefficiently,  the  decomposition  of  the 
nitrate  of  silver  being  checked  by  the  presence  of 
nitric  acid  in  excess ;  under  these  circumstances  no 
amount  of  exposure  in  the  camera  compensates  for 
acidity  of  the  bath;  the  developer  flows  with  difficulty 
over  the  plate. 

THE  BATH  UNDER  SOME  CIRCUMSTANCES  REQUIRES 
THE  ADDITION  OF  AN  ACID. — The  indications  are,  of 
course,  those  stated  in  the  second  paragraph.  In  hot 
weather  it  is  very  desirable  to  add  a  few  drops  of  the 
dilute  acid  to  every  half-gallon  of  the  bath.  I  find, 
also,  that  when  testing  and  experimenting  with  collo- 


39 

dion  just  iodized,  after  immersing  a  dozen  plates,  a 
slight  alkalinity  is  evident — to  an  extent  not  abso- 
lutely injurious — but  nevertheless  discernible  by  a 
falling  off  in  brilliancy  of  the  negative ;  add  a  drop 
of  the  dilute  nitric  acid,  and  all  again  goes  well.  No 
alkalinity  is  discernible  when  collodion  a  day  old  is 
employed. 

NOTE. — I  find  it  convenient  to  use  a  dilute  nitric 
acid,  the  strength  of  which  has  been  already  given. 


40 


DIRECTIONS 

FOR 

CLEANING  THE  GLASS  PLATE. 


IT  is  not  at  all  an  uncommon  thing  to  hear  that 
collodion  gives  spots,  stains,  streaks,  and  sundry  other 
cutaneous  affections  to  which  "the  children  of  the 
sun"  are  said  to  be  peculiarly  liable  ;  very  much, 
however,  is  erroneously,  attributed  to  the  collodion, 
which  more  properly  and  with  greater  justice,  should 
be  ascribed  to  want  of  cleanliness  and  method  in 
cleaning  the  plate.  Nothing  is  so  easy  ;  and  although 
there  are  many  ways  of  arriving  at  this  very  desirable 
end,  I  unhesitatingly  recommend  the  following  as 
most  efficient,  safe,  and  simple.  Cleaning  the  plate 
is  of  much  greater  consequence  than  some  are  pre- 
pared to  admit.  Every  photographer  should  make 
himself  thoroughly  acquainted  with  this  process ; 
much  time,  expense,  and  subsequent  labor  will  be 
saved  by  a  systematic  attention  to  what  may  at  first 
be  thought  sheer  drudgery,  and  which  is  too  often 
delegated  to  inexperienced  and  careless  hands.  I  am 
not  saying  too  much  when  I  state  that,  in  point  of 
manipulation,  cleaning  the  plate  is  the  key  to  the 
whole  position.  I  now  proceed  to  describe,  for  the 
benefit  of  those  who  can  fit  up  their  operating-room 
with  conveniences,  the  plan  I  adopt. 

I  have  a  shallow  sink,  three   inches    deep,   lined 


41 

with  lead,  and  a  pipe  to  convey  away  the  waste  water 
(the  size  of  this  sink  must,  of  course,  be  regulated  by 
the  size  of  the  plates  to  be  cleaned);  it  is  firmly 
mounted  on  a  stand  of  convenient  height,  and  securely 
fixed  to  the  wall  of  the  room;  in  this  sink  I  place 
two  blocks  of  deal  (1|  inch  stuff)  a  little  larger  than 
the  plate,  covered  with  thick  felt  strained  over  one 
side  of  the  block  and  nailed  to  the  edges  all  round ; 
over  this,  in  the  same  manner,  I  strain  white  calico ; 
the  blocks  are  now  prepared,  and  present  a  firm  but 
sufficiently  soft  surface,  on  which  to  cleanse  the  plates ; 
place  them  in  the  sink  and  wedge  up  tight  with  loose 
wedges.  I  use  one  of  these  blocks  for  the  first  ope- 
ration. Place  the  plate  to  be  cleaned  in  the  centre 
of  the  block,  and  pour  on  to  it  a  small  quantity  of 
the  following  mixture : — 

Prepared  Tripoli      ....  2  ozs. 

Water 3i  " 

Spirits  of  Wine      ....  4     " 
Solution  of  Ammonia    ...       J  " 

Take  a  tuft  of  cotton-wool  and  rub  the  plate  well 
and  firmly  over  with  the  above  mixture  for  a  minute 
or  so  ;  then  remove  the  plate  to  block  No.  2  (over 
this  I  have  fixed  a  tap  of  water,  a  few  inches  above 
the  plate) ;  turn  on  a  gentle  stream  and  rub  off  the 
tripoli  mixture  with  a  second  tuft  of  cotton-wool. 
Keep  these  tufts  upon  their  respective  blocks;  they 
are  then  always  ready  for  use.  Be  very  careful  to  rub 
the  edges  of  the  glass  with  the  tuft,  to  remove  parti- 
cles of  tripoli  which  become  attached  to  the  rough- 
ened edge,  and  which,  if  not  removed,  will  give  a 
prolific  crop  of  spots  on  the  picture.  Having  washed 
off  the  tripoli,  plunge  the  plate  into  a  deep  dish  of 


42 

water,  and  there  let  it  remain  until  six  plates  or  more 
have  been  in  like  manner  cleaned ;  then  take  each 
out  singly,  again  wiping   the  edges  with  a  tuft  of 
cotton,  and  pass  each  plate  through  a  dish  of  distilled 
water.     Do  not  set  up  more  than  six  at  a  time  to 
drain;  when  six  have  been  thus  treated,  commence 
drying  off  the  first  set  up.     The  plates  must  not  be  al- 
lowed to  become  dry  before  rubbing  with  the  cloths. 
In  order  to  dry  them  quickly  and  effectively,  place 
upon  the  table  a  piece  of  felt  or  ironing-blanket,  over 
which  spread  one  of  the  cloths  (washed  in  clean  water 
without  soap);    place  the  plate  upon  this,   and  rub 
it  well  on  both  sides  with  another  cloth  doubled  up  so 
as  to  form  a  pad.     One  side  of  this  plate  should  be 
marked  with  a  diamond,  and  upon  this  marked  side 
the  greatest  care  should  be  bestowed.     The  plates,  so 
far  cleaned,  may  be  stowed  away  in  a  box  ;  before  use, 
however,  the  final  rub  must  be  given,  to  remove  all 
superfluous  moisture ;  this  is   best   effected  by  two 
wash-leathers,  previously   purified   by  washing   and 
rinsing  them  freely  in  water,  for  two  days  or  so  ;  they 
must  be  allowed  to  dry  spontaneously.     Lay  the  plate 
upon  one  of  these  leathers,  and  rub  it  well  on  both 
sides  with  the  other  leather  doubled  up  so  as  to  form 
a  pad.     Breathe  occasionally  upon  the  plate  whilst 
rubbing ;  this  tends  to  equalize  the  moisture.     Rub, 
lastly,  with  a  well-washed  silk  handkerchief.     Even 
now,  some  small  particles  of  fibre  may  be  left  from 
the  cloths,  and  these  attach  themselves  very  tena- 
ciously to  the  glass;  in  order,  therefore,  to  remove 
these  enemies  to  an  absolutely  pure  plate  free  from 
"  comets/'  I  take  a  flat  and  broad  camel-hair  brush 
two  inches  wide,  and  pass  it  firmly  over  the  plate  just 


43 

before  pouring  on  the  collodion.  This  brush  must  be 
most  carefully  prepared  for  the  purpose,  by  soaking 
it  in  water  for  two  or  three  days,  and  rubbing  out  all 
dust  and  extraneous  matter  with  the  fingers ;  it  must 
then  be  suffered  to  dry  spontaneously,  and  kept  free 
from  dust  in  a  card-board  box ;  if  this  cleansing  be 
neglected,  more  impurities  will  be  added  to  the  plate 
than  removed  from  it. 

I  have  been  at  some  pains  to  describe  clearly  a 
systematic  method  of  plate-cleaning,  feeling  certain 
that  the  necessity  for  carefulness  in  this  process  is 
not  sufficiently  attended  to.  I  am  sure  that  nearly 
all  "  comets"  and  other  abominations  arise  from  the 
imperfect  removal  of  fluff  and  fibre  from  the  plate. 
These  minute  particles  are  not  seen  until  draining  off 
the  collodion :  they  then  show  themselves  in  the 
form  of  nuclei,  checking  the  collodion  in  its  course, 
and,  what  is  very  much  to  be  avoided,  they  contami- 
nate the  collodion,  which  becomes  full  of  floating  par- 
ticles, and  thus  prevents  the  possibility  of  getting 
clean  plates,  until  the  collodion  has  again  been 
allowed  to  settle ;  if,  therefore,  it  is  required  to 
make  experiments  only,  without  regard  to  the 
purity  of  the  result,  keep  a  bottle  of  collodion  for 
this  purpose. 

When  working  at  home  with  all  the  conveniences 
described  at  hand,  plates  used  (if  the  picture  is  not 
approved  of)  may  be  at  once  placed  in  a  dish  of 
water ;  the  film  then  floats  off  and  carries  with  it  all 
impurities;  rubbing  with  plain  tripoli  and  water  and 
drying  as  described,  will  then  be  found  sufficient. 
New  plates  must  always  be  put  through  the  whole 
process,  and  also  those  which  have  become  dry  with 
films  on. 


44 

A  perfectly  clean  glass  shows  little  or  no  irregu- 
larity on  the  surface  when  breathed  upon,  having 
then,  very  much  the  appearance  of  ground  glass,  and 
if  properly  dried,  the  moisture  flies  off  rapidly. 
Collodion  flows  easily  and  freely  over  a  well-cleaned 
ancl  dry  plate,  presenting  a  surface  free  from  irregu- 
larities, either  before  or  after  the  action  of  the  nitrate 
of  silver  bath. 

The  practice  of  cleaning  glass  plates  with  deter- 
gents, said  not  to  require  subsequent  washing,  is  one 
fraught  with  great  risk  and  full  of  objection ;  it  is 
impossible  to  get  rid  of  fixed  alkalies  or  salts  by  mere 
friction  with  a  cloth  without  washing.  I  allude  to 
this  method  of  cleaning  (?)  because  I  know  that  it 
has  been  a  cause  of  much  trouble  to  many  who  have 
for  a  time  adopted  the  plan ;  moreover,  it  is  by  such 
a  process  impossible  to  remove  the  tripoli  from  the 
ground  edges  of  the  glass. 


45 


HOW  TO 

VARNISH  THE  NEGATIVE. 


THIS  subject  is  deserving  of  careful  attention;  at 
the  same  time,  all  that  can  or  need  be  said  concerning 
it,  may  be  stated  very  plainly  and  in  a  few  words. 

I  will  endeavor  to  explain  and  comment  upon 
the  two  methods  now  in  use,  and  will  distinguish 
them  by  the  terms  "hot"  and  "cold."  I  apply  the 
first  term,  hot,  to  the  process  making  the  warming  of 
the  plate  necessary  previous  to  pouring  on  the  varnish, 
which  is  applied  whilst  the  plate  is  still  warm.  This 
method  is  very  generally  followed,  notwithstanding 
the  inconvenience  of  heating  the  plate — for  the 
reason  that  the  coating  left  upon  the  surface,  is 
perhaps  harder,  than  when  cold  varnish  is  applied, 
and  consequently  stands  a  greater  amount  of  rough 
treatment:  no  doubt  a  desideratum.  Ordinary  spirit 
varnish,  whether  French  or  English,  contains  a  certain 
amount  of  water ;  that  is  to  say,  the  spirit  generally 
used  is  not  absolute.  A  more  fluid,  and  consequently 
a  better  varnish,  can,  I  think,  be  made  with  absolute 
alcohol — at  least,  such  is  the  result  of  my  experiments ; 
but  whatever  strength  of  spirit  is  used,  the  effect  of 
all  spirit  varnishes,  more  or  less,  is  to  interpose  between 
the  image  on  the  surface  of  the  negative,  and  the  pre- 
pared surface  of  the  paper,  a  layer  of  gum  more  or  less 
thick.  I  need  hardly  say  that  any  intermediate  film 


46 

must  prevent  absolute  contact  of  these  surfaces,  and 
consequently  detract  somewhat  from  the  sharpness  of 
the  picture. 

There  can  be  no  very  great  mystery  as  to  the 
composition  of  spirit  varnishes,  when  it  is  considered 
that  the  gums  we  have  to  select  from  are  not  nume- 
rous, viz.,  copal,  animi,  sandarac,  thus,  mastic,  lac,  and 
dammar;  these  gum  resins  have,  however,  various 
properties,  some  being  harder  and  more  vitreous  than 
the  others,  whilst  some  are  sticky  and  resinous.  It 
is,  therefore,  very  desirable  to  make  use  of  both  these 
qualities,  by  selecting  and  combining  judiciously  such 
of  the  gums,  just  enumerated,  as  shall  give  a  varnish 
possessing  hardness  and  durability,  with  sufficient 
elasticity.  The  hardest  gum  cannot  be  used  alone, 
but  must  be  mixed  with  others  more  resinous.  I 
find  that  a  mixture  of  the  three  first  on  my  list 
answers  the  conditions  just  laid  down,  if  absolute 
alcohol  with  a  small  percentage  of  chloroform  is  used 
for  the  solvent.  This  varnish  has  proved,  in  my 
hands,  the  best  of  the  spirit  varnishes.  I  have  heard 
it  remarked  that  this,  and  no  doubt  other  strong 
spirit  varnishes,  occasionally  have  a  very  unhappy 
property  of  removing  the  image  from  the  negative ; 
I  must  say  that  I  have  never  been  able  to  produce 
this  undesirable  result  myself,  and  think  that  perhaps 
such  an  action  may  have  been  due  either  to  moisture 
in  the  film,  unequal  application  of  heat  to  the  plate, 
imperfect  washing-out  of  the  Hyposulphite  of  Soda 
or '  Cyanide,  or  to  some  rottenness  or  peculiar  condi- 
tion of  the  film  of  Collodion.  The  advantage  and 
disadvantages  in  the  use  of  spirit  varnish  may  be 
briefly  stated :  in  its  favor,  a  greater  hardness  of 
coating ;  against  it,  the  inconvenience  of  having  to 


47 

heat  the  plate,  and  loss  of  sharpness  in  the  positive 
from  the  interposed  film  of  gums  left  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  negative.  Having  disposed  of  what  I 
have  termed  the  hot  process,  it  only  remains  to  draw 
attention  to  that  designated  "cold."  It  is  not  my 
intention  to  enumerate  the  various  solvents  and  gums 
which  are  or  might  be  used  for  the  manufacture  of 
cold  varnishes.  I  have  tried  many  of  them,  and  find 
that  all  are,  more  or  less,  tacky  when  dry. 

I  shall  confine  myself  to  a  few  words  descriptive  of 
the  best  cold  varnish,  which,  unquestionably,  is  that 
made  by  dissolving  amber  in  chloroform.  Many  will 
be  surprised  to  hear  that  such  a  thing  as  a  package 
of  fine  amber  seldom,  if  ever,  finds  its  way  to  this 
country;  but  plenty  of  a  very  inferior  and  rough  de- 
scription is  to  be  met  with.  The  finest  kind  is  used 
for  making  the  mouth-pieces  of  pipes,  which  are,  I 
am  given  to  understand,  of  foreign  manufacture. 
Having  learnt  this  much,  I  set  to  work  to  obtain, 
through  my  drug  merchants,  some  further  information 
on  the  subject,  and  was  fortunate  enough  to  find  out 
the  holder  of  a  large  quantity  of  the  chippings,  from 
the  fine  pieces  of  amber,  which  he  had  been  provident 
enough  to  store  away.  This  is  not  a  coarse  powder  of 
amber,  but  unmistakable  chippings  cut  as  with  a 
sharp  instrument,  bright  and  clear  in  quality,  in  every 
respect  equal,  for  making  varnish,  to  the  fine  and 
most  costly  pieces,  of  which,  indeed,  these  chippings 
are  a  portion.  With  such  a  sample  as  this  there  is 
no  difficulty  in  producing  a  varnish  in  every  respect 
desirable  for  photographic  use,  and  sufficiently  tyard 
to  withstand  any  friction  that  the  surface  of  a  nega- 
tive is  likely  to  meet  with.  The  coating  left  upon 
the  negative  is  perfect,  and  can  hardly  be  distin- 


48 

guished  from  the  patent  plate:  this  varnish  penetrates 
the  film,  and  adds  very  much  to  the  beauty  and  clear- 
ness of  the  negative,  at  the  same  time  leaving  upon  the 
film  the  thinnest  possible  coating,  thus  admitting  of 
the  most  perfect  contact'  with  the  excited  paper. 

I  have  had  opportunities  of  examining  some  hun- 
dreds of  negatives,  produced  by  various  operators, 
both  amateur  and  professional,  many  of  which  were 
more  or  less  disfigured,  if  not  damaged,  by  the  var- 
nishing operation.  My  method  of  using  the  amber 
varnish  is  as  follows:  I  invariably  make  use  of  a  little 
distilled  water,  with  which  I  wash  finally  the  finished 
negative ;  this  removes  the  salts  of  lime  that  exist, 
more  or  less  with  other  impurities,  in  all  waters,  in 
quantities  quite  sufficient  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
a  brilliant  surface.  I  consider  this  simple  but  cleanly 
operation  one  of  the  important  photographic  "insect 
cares."  Now  set  the  negative  up  to  drain  and  dry 
spontaneously,  its  face  to  the  wall,  and  its  lower  part 
resting  upon  a  slip  of  clean  bibulous  paper;  it  is  as 
well  to  change  this  slip  of  paper  once  or  twice:  when 
surface-dry,  the  negatives  may  be  put  into  a  grooved 
box  to  keep  them  from  dust,  and  if  more  convenient, 
they  may  be  varnished  next  day.  All  varnishes  should 
be  applied  in  a  dry  room.*  Attach  the  back  of  the 
negative  to  a  pneumatic  holder  kept  for  the  purpose, 
and  having  poured  into  a  glass  measure  more  of  the 
varnish  than  is  required  to  cover  the  plate,  proceed 
to  pour  on  as  much  as  the  plate  will  hold;  keep  the 
plate  as  horizontal  as  possible,  and  let  the  varnish 
soak  well  in  for  twenty  or  thirty  seconds;  then  gently 

*  Just  before  varnishing,  pass  the  back  of  the  plate  over  the  flame  of  a 
lamp,  to  drive  off  any  moisture ;  when  amber  varnish  is  used,  allow  the 
plate  to  cool  before  pouring  on  the  varnish. 


49 

raise  the  plate  and  pour  back  into  the  measure  the 
excess,  from  the  nearest  right-hand  corner.  The  var- 
nish must  not  be  dashed  off,  but  the  plate  very  gently 
elevated,  at  first  only  just  out  of  the  horizontal,  and 
very  gradually  raised  until  it  stands  vertically  on  the 
edge  of  the  measure;  in  this  position  let  it  remain  a 
few  seconds;  on  no  account  rock  or  give  it  any  eccen- 
tric motion,  and  during  the  whole  operation  hold  the 
breath,  or  turn  the  head  away  from  the  plate  to 
breathe. 

Always  have  two  bottles  for  varnishing — the  one 
to  contain  the  stock  of  bright  filtered  varnish,  the 
other  to  receive  the  portion  poured  back  into  the 
measure  from  the  plate;  when  sufficient  has  been 
collected  in  this  bottle,  filter  it  through  paper  into 
the  bright  stock  bottle.  Both  amber  and  spirit  var- 
nishes filter  rapidly  and  with  a  very  slight  loss.  The 
measure  used  should  not  be  washed  out,  but  kept 
turned  down  and  free  from  dust;  it  is  then  always 
ready  for  the  purpose  required. 

I  possess  a  negative  portrait  of  Sir  John  Herschel, 
taken  about  ten  years  ago,  which  I  value  very  much. 
This  plate  was  varnished  with  some  varnish  made  of 
very  fine  amber;  it  does  not  show  the  slightest  sign 
of  decay,  is,  indeed,  harder  than  when  first  varnished. 
I  have  also  negatives  kept  under  various  circum- 
stances of  damp  and  heat  for  twelve  years,  and  still 
perfect. 

NOTE. — I  have  occasionally  been  asked  to  account 
for  cracks  in  negatives;  fortunately  this  complaint  is 
not  of  common  occurrence,  and  therefore  indicates  an 
exceptional  condition  of  the  film.  I  have  been  at 
some  pains  to  collect  all  the  reliable  information  on 
this  subject  from  those  who  have  a  large  stock  of 
4 


50 

negatives,  some  of  which  were  varnished  five  years  or 
more  ago.  From  the  facts  collected,  I  have  no  hesi- 
tation in  saying  that  all  cracks  in  negatives  arise  from 
want  of  attention  to  the  following  points,  viz.,  drying 
the  negative,  washing  out  the  hyposulphite  or  cyanide, 
and  lastly,  the  mode  of  drying  the  plate  before  var- 
nishing.* I  have  before  said  that  negatives  should 
be' allowed  to  dry  spontaneously.  It  is  of  the  utmost 
consequence,  as  regards  the  permanency  of  the  nega- 
tive, that  the  fixing  agent  should  be  thoroughly  re- 
moved; also,  that  the  heat  required  to  warm  the  plate 
before  varnishing  should  be  applied  in  a  regular  man- 
ner, and  only  just  sufficient  to  accomplish  the  object 
in  view.  When  these  three  points  are  attended  to, 
negatives  will  remain  intact  and  free  from  cracks  (as 
far  as  my  own  experience  goes)  for  an  indefinite  time. 
Now,  with  reference  to  the  first  point,  I  say,  let  the 
film  dry  spontaneously,  because  there  may  be  some 
conditions  of  a  collodion  film,  presenting  a  proneness 
to  split  up  on  the  sudden  and  irregular  application  of 
heat  to  it,  whilst  still  in  a  wet  state:  recollect  that 
the  edges  of  the  glass  plate  are  usually  ground ;  this 
restrains  a  natural  tendency  of  the  film  to  contract 
after  removal  of  the  iodide  of  silver  by  the  fixing 
agent;  the  film  is  therefore  more  or  less  in  a  state  of 
tension,  being  extended,  so  to  speak,  by  the  ground 
edges  of  the  glass.  This  simple  operation  of  passing 
a  cloth  (the  thumb-nail  being  inserted)  round  the 
edges  of  the  negative,  to  the  distance  of  one-eighth 

'  *  Negatives  should  not  be  kept  in  damp  and  cold  rooms  ;  no  matter  how 
carefully  they  may  have  been  washed  and  dried,  or  how  good  the  varnish 
may  be,  if  exposed  to  frost  and  moisture,  symptoms  of  cracks  will  be  soon 
evident.  I  have  known  instances  of  negatives  becoming  cracked  in  the 
film,  from  exposure  in  the  printing-frame  for  some  hours  on  wet  and  cold 
days  in  winter. 


51 

of  an  inch,  sets  the  film  free,  removes  the  thick  dirty 
edge  of  the  negative,  and  is  a  safeguard  against  in- 
jury arising  from  continued  tension  of  the  film; 
moreover,  it  adds  to  the  neat  appearance  of  the  nega- 
tive, and  admits  of  the  film  being  overlapped  with 
the  varnish — an  additional  advantage.  The  reason 
for  scrupulous  attention  to  my  second  point  is  suffi- 
ciently obvious:  a  slight  trace  of  cyanide  or  hypo- 
sulphite might  not  show  itself  at  first — sooner  or  later 
this  wrapped-up  element  of  decay  will  begin  to  make 
itself  known,  and  brings  about  a  disintegration  of  the 
film.  An  impression  has  got  abroad  that  cyanide  of 
potassium  requires  for  its  removal  less  washing  than 
the  hyposulphite  of  soda.  I  think  this  is  erroneous: 
my  opinion  is,  that  the  former  salt  should  be  as  well 
washed  out  as  the  latter,  and  to  effect  this  I  believe 
that  quite  as  much  water  is  necessary.  The  collo- 
dion film  has  a  very  retentive  action  on  most  chemi- 
cal solutions  presented  to  it.  I  do  not  see  why 
it  should  be  less  an  absorbent  of  the  cyanide  than  the 
cuticle  of  the  body.  I  take  this  as  a  familiar  illus- 
tration, because  most  people  must  have  observed, 
that  when  the  fingers  have  been  cleaned  with  cyanide 
of  potassium,  the  peculiarly  disagreeable  odor  remains 
for  a  time,  even  after  the  most  perfect  ablution. 
Lastly,  the  instructions  already  given  sufficiently  ex- 
plain the  manner  of  warming  a  negative  previous  to 
varnishing.  Varnishes  will  be  selected  by  the  photo- 
graphic artist  for  qualities  especially  adapted  to  pho- 
tographic use,  viz.,  facility  of  application,  hardness  of 
film,  and  absence  of  tackiness.  These  conditions  are 
well  fulfilled  in  the  preparations  spoken  of  in  my 
paper  "  How  to  varnish  the  negative." 


HOW  TO 

PRINT  FROM  THE  NEGATIVE. 


TN  order  to  print  from  the  negative,  very  little 
skill  in  manipulation  is  necessary;  but  very  much 
judgment  and  taste  must  be  exercised  in  order  to 
produce  the  best  results,  if  really  good  proofs  are 
cared  for.  Many  look  upon  the  operation  of  printing 
as  mere  drudgery — beneath  notice  ;  this  work  is  fre- 
quently handed  over  to  the  care  of  boys  and  girls, 
who  have  as  much  feeling  for  art  as  the  pressure- 
frame  used  to  produce  the  picture.  Having  a  first- 
rate  negative,  it  is  quite  possible  to  obtain  from  it 
proofs  of  various  qualities ;  so  that,  it  may  be,  there 
are  not  two  alike  in  a  dozen  prints,  and  perhaps  one 
of  them  will  be  found  superior  to  the  other  eleven. 
I  admit  that  a  difficulty  exists,  and  one  not  easily 
removed ;  it  lies  solely  in  the  variability  of  sunlight 
in  this  climate.  At  first  sight  it  would  appear  easy 
enough  to  obviate  this  by  a  watchful  examination  of 
the  picture  whilst  printing;  such  a  course  gives  a 
proximate  notion  only  of  the  real  state  of  the  print ; 
for,  presuming  the  day  be  dull,  and  occasional  glimpses 
of  sunshine  flit  over  the  printing-frame,  it  will  be  found 
impossible  to  calculate  to  a  degree,  the  amount  of  re- 
duction that  will  take  place  in  fixing  the  picture.  If 
exposed  for  some  time  on  a  dull  day  without  sun, 
the  positive  may  appear  to  be  very  much  overdone, 
and  yet  be  too  much  acted  upon  whilst  undergoing 


53 

the  necessary  immersion  in  the  bath  of  hyposulphite 
of  soda,  in  consequence  of  the  greater  reducing  power 
of  this  salt  on  proofs  printed  in  feeble  light. 

I  am,  of  course,  taking  for  granted  that  there  is  a 
shade  of  intensity  to  be  sought  for  in  the  positive 
picture,  which  the  negative  is  capable  of  giving,  and 
which  shade  shall  be  acknowledged  to  be  that  best 
suited  to  the  particular  subject  represented.  For  the 
reasons  just  stated,  it  will  be  found  difficult  to  obtain 
this  quality  at  will  with  a  variable  sunlight.  The 
natural  deduction  to  be  drawn  from  these  remarks, 
therefore  is,  that  in  order  to  produce  from  a  negative 
several  copies  uniform  in  quality,  it  is  necessary  to 
print  in  direct  sunlight ;  one  or  two  experiments  will 
then  show  the  character  of  the  negative ;  the  time 
required  to  print  from  it,  in  order  to  obtain  a  special 
intensity  of  tone,  can  be  easily  noted.  I  do  not 
now  refer  to  color ;  but,  by  intensity  of  tone,  I  mean 
that  amount  of  force  giving  artistically  the  best  result 
from  a  particular  negative;  and  this  leads  me  to 
another  remark,  viz.,  the  quality  of  the  negative ;  for, 
supposing  the  same  collodion  to  have  been  used  for 
the  production  of  a  series  of  negatives  of  different 
subjects,  the  printing  peculiarities  of  each  negative 
will  vary,  according  to  the  subject  represented,  the 
color  of  which,  and  quality  of  the  light  used  to  pro- 
duce the  negative,  affect  its  resisting  power  to  stop 
out  rays  of  transmitted  light.  It  is  therefore  neces- 
sary to  be  acquainted  with  the  peculiarities  of  each 
negative.  There  is  this  advantage  in  printing  in 
direct  sunlight — the  subsequent  reduction  can  be 
calculated  to  a  nicety,  whether  the  negative  be  faint 
or  vigorous;  for,  as  I  have  before  stated,  the  positive 
produced  under  these  circumstances  does  not  suffer 


54 


such  an  excessive  and  variable  reduction  in  the 
hyposulphite  of  soda,  as  when  a  bad  or  variable  light 
is  used.  I  am,  of  course,  aware  that  some  sort  of 
compromise  may  be  effected  by  very  much  over-print- 
ing, and  then  reducing  the  excess  of  intensity  by  a 
prolonged  immersion  in  the  hyposulphite  of  soda 
bath.  I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  with  this  plan  ; 
the  picture  then  is  not  of  first-rate  quality,  but  hard 
and  inferior  in  tone,  and  seldom  brilliant.  Of  course, 
in  allowing  for  the  over-printing,  it  is  necessary  to 
lay  down  a  given  time  for  fixing  in  hyposulphite  of 
soda;  I  put  this  at  half  an  hour,  and  never  fix  more 
than  a  few  proofs  in  a  dish  at  a  time.  Now  it  can 
be  very  readily  demonstrated  that  positives  printed 
in  a  bad  light  are  much  more  rapidly  acted  upon  by 
the  hyposulphite  of  soda,  as  I  khave  before  said;  no- 
thing, therefore,  seems  so  easy  of  confirmation  as  this 
proposition,  that  in  proportion  to  the  acting  power 
of  the  hyposulphite  of  soda  upon  the  reduced  silver, 
so  will  be  the  action  of  other  external  influences  of  a 
chemical  nature  on  the  picture  when  finished.  To 
my  mind  this  appears  only  a  plain,  common-sense 
view  of  the  case,  and  the  inference  to  be  drawn  there- 
fore is,  that  a  greater  general  permanency  is  obtained 
by  printing  in  direct  sunlight.  These  observations 
may  open  up  a  new  field  of  inquiry,  and  may,  per- 
haps, account  for  the  variableness  in  the  permanency 
of  photographic  pictures.  All  good  negatives  should 
stand  sunlight  printing:  I  am  certain  that  a  finer 
definition  of  detail  is  obtained,  and  both  a  greater 
richness  and  brilliancy  of  color,  when  prints  are  made 
under  these  circumstances. 

I   may  as   well  remark   here,  that   a    very  faint 


00 


negative  will,  under  no  conditions  of  light,  give  a 
fine,  rich,  and  dark-colored  positive;  the  picture  may 
certainly  be  cooked  in  baths  of  gold  and  much  variety 
of  smudginess  produced — a  dead,  cold,  and  leaden 
hue — shades  of  black  fit  only  to  represent  scenes  in 
pandemonium.  This  is  the  character  of  color  forced 
upon  faint  positives  by  over-dosing  with  gold.  A 
well- printed  positive  of  good  vigorous  color  will 
stand  a  longer  immersion  in  the  gold  bath,  and  yet 
be  free  from  the  objectionable  color  just  described. 
There  is  considerable  room  for  display  of  taste  in  the 
selection  of  shades  and  tones  of  color  in  photographs, 
according  to  the  subject  represented ;  the  most  in- 
felicitous choice  is  sometimes  made.  I  think  that  a 
great  deal  of  the  evil  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  whole- 
sale and  reckless  use  of  gold,  which,  if  skilfully  used, 
is  capable  of  producing  every  variety  of  good  photo- 
graphic color. 

I  once  heard  of  an  amateur  who  apologized  to  his 
friend  for  the  bad  color  of  a  photograph  he  was 
anxious  to  present  him  with,  at  the  same  time  saying, 
somewhat  mournfully,  "  he  had  expended  on  it  the 
contents  of  a  15-grain  bottle  of  gold;"  but  even  then 
it  fell  short  of  some  ideal  standard  of  perfection. 
The  doctrine  of  sunlight-printing  which  I  have 
endeavored  to  lay  down  would,  of  course,  be  fatal  to 
general  photographic  business  in  this  country;  it 
would  never  do  to  be  waiting  upon  and  otherwise 
dodging  our  great  luminary  ;  the  principle  involved, 
however,  may  nevertheless  be  true,  although  its 
practice  may  be  difficult  or  perhaps  impossible.  I 
am  now  addressing  the  few  who,  like  myself,  are 
anxious  to  produce  at  will,  a  first-rate  impression 
from  a  negative  of  good  quality. 


56 

There  are  several  good  toning  processes ;  I  prefer 
the  simple  Alkaline  Chloride  of  Gold  process,  to 
which  a  preference  is  also  given  by  some  of  our  most 
successful  photographers.  Albumenized  Paper,  either 
Saxe  or  Rive,  may  be  used;  with  the  latter  a  darker 
color  is  obtainable.  Float  each  piece  of  paper  for 
three  minutes  upon  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver, 
60  grains  to  1  ounce  of  distilled  water;  and  use  it  as 
soon  as  it  is  quite  dry.  I  have  observed  that  a 
brighter  color  is  obtained,  when  the  paper  is  used 
very  soon  after  excitation;  let  the  paper,  however, 
be  quite  dry  before  using  it;  expose  in  the  frame  in 
the  usual  way.  I  prefer,  for  my  own  use,  the  bars  of 
pressure-frames  fitted  with  screws — the  contact  may 
then  be  made  so  perfect  all  over;  but  spring-back 
pressure-frames  are  generally  used  by  photographers, 
and  they  can  now  be  obtained  of  excellent  quality. 
In  sunlight  the  time  of  exposure  will  vary  from  ten 
minutes  (the  minimum  time)  to  half  an  hour  for 
ordinary  subjects;  but  a  much  longer  exposure  will 
be  necessary  for  the  representation  of  black  and 
white  subjects,  such  as  engravings.  Be  very  careful 
to  examine  the  print  in  yellow  light,  whilst  printing: 
if  the  frame  be  opened,  even  for  a  few  seconds  in 
sunlight,  a  slight  general  action  of  light  will  take 
place  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  picture.  Conduct 
the  operations  of  toning  and  fixing  in  yellow  light. 
When  the  print  has  reached  the  proper  intensity 
(allowing  for  the  reduction),  remove  it  from  the 
printing-frame,  and  wash  away  in  several  changes  of 
common  water,  all  the  nitrate  of  silver;  when  this 
has  been  properly  effected,  prepare  the  following 
bath,  which  will  be  ready  for  use  an  hour  after 
mixing: — 


57 

Solution  of  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  40  minims. 

(Strength,  8  grains  to  1  oz.  of  distilled  water.) 

Solution  of  Chloride  of  Gold,  20  minims. 

(Strength,  15  grains  to  5  drachms  of  distilled  water.) 

Distilled  Water,  4  ozs. — Mix. 

The  solutions  both  of  gold  and  soda  may  be  kept 
ready  for  use  in  separate  bottles.  I  throw  away  the 
coloring  bath  after  use,  or  it  may  be  set  aside  for  the 
purpose  of  recovering  the  Gold,  when  a  sufficient 
quantity  has  been  accumulated.  The  above  quantity 
will  tone  half  a  dozen  pictures  10  x  8,  if  warm  tones 
only  are  required  ;  the  time  of  immersion  varies  from 
thirty  seconds  to  two  minutes.  Over-color  the  posi- 
tives slightly,  to  allow  for  subsequent  reduction  in 
the  hyposulphate  of  soda  bath.  Now  wash  away  the 
excess  of  gold  solution  rapidly  in  two  or  three  changes 
of  water,  and  fix  the  proofs  in  a  bath  of  hyposulphite 
of  soda,  1  oz.  to  6  ozs.  of  water.  In  order  to  make 
sure  of  the  pictures  being  perfectly  fixed,  let  the 
proofs  remain  in  this  bath  half  an  hour — not  less, 
moving  them  about  occasionally;  then  wash  in  run- 
ning water  for  twelve  hours,  and  let  them  dry  spon- 
taneously. I  have  a  strong  feeling  in  favor  of  a 
particular  color  for  photographs;  no  word-painting 
will  describe  this  or  any  other  tone  of  color;  I  shall 
be  happy,  however,  to  show  to  any  one,  specimens  of 
coloring  by  the  above  formula.  It  is  very  evident 
that  paper  treated  and  washed  as  just  described,  in- 
volving an  immersion  of  twelve  hours  in  liquids, 
must  have  undergone  some  alteration  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  its  atoms;  these  are  now,  of  course,  more 
open,  spongy,  and  porous,  consequently  the  particles 
of  silver  forming  the  image  must  of  necessity  be 
somewhat  divided  and  less  compact  than  is  desirable; 


58 

I  think,  therefore,  more  in  a  condition  to  absorb 
deleterious  gases,  and  more  susceptible  .of  damage 
from  moisture  in  the  atmosphere  or  other  injurious 
influences.  It  is  most  desirable  to  restore  the  paper 
to  its  original  condition;  this  is  easily  done  at  a  very 
small  charge  by  the  hot  presser.  The  pictures  must 
not  be  over-rolled — such  an  action  would  be  injurious 
to  the  surface.  I  order  mine  to  be  rolled  flat  only; 
this  last  operation  is,  I  consider,  most  beneficial,  both 
as  regards  the  beauty  and  permanency  of  the  finished 
photograph. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  paper,  without  stating  that 
it  was  written  previous  to  the  use  of  iron  as  a  deve- 
loper, and  consequently,  had  special  reference  to 
printing  from  a  class  of  negatives,  not  so  frequently 
seen  now  a  days.  I  have  also  to  remark  that,  as  a 
rule,  printing  is  now  generally  performed  in  the 
shade  by  -all  professional  photographers,  this  plan 
being  found  practically  to  give  the  most  uniform  re- 
sults, and  admitting  of  a  greater  latitude  in  the  time 
of  exposure  in  the  printing-frame;  but  notwithstand- 
ing this,  the  principle  I  have  endeavored  to  enun- 
ciate applies  with  equal  force  and  truth,  to  the  pro- 
duction of  prints  from  any  kind  of  negative  whatever; 
although,  as  I  have  before  stated,  printing  by  sun- 
light could  not  be  carried  out  with  any  chance  of 
commercial  success.  I  republish  the  paper,  feeling 
sure  that  it  will  be  read  with  interest  by  those  who 
print  only  for  amusement,  and  are  anxious  about  the 
permanency  of  their  pictures. 


59 


THE  CAUSE  OF 

FOG,  STAINS   AND  STREAKS 


IN    THE 


COLLODION  NEGATIVE. 


FOGGING  of  the  plate  or  a  general  haziness  of  the 
image,  may  be  due  to  several  causes  ;  it  may  be  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  light  in  the  camera.  All 
things  considered,  is  it  not  wonderful  that  we  have  a 
clear  image  in  a  latent  state  upon  the  highly  sensitive 
surface  of  the  collodion  plate  I  Light  passes  equally 
into  the  darkened  box  through  the  full  aperture  of 
the  lens  ;  but  at  the  focus  of  the  lens  it  is  also  depo- 
sited, so  to  speak,  in  a  ratio  equal  to  the  reflecting 
power  of  the  surfaces  of  the  objects  to  be  copied,  im- 
pressing the  first  atoms  of  the  sensitive  film,  in  a  de- 
gree equal  to  the  amount  of  light,  projected  from  the 
bodies  to  be  represented.  It  will  be  readily  granted 
and  very  easily  conceived,  how  soon  a  disturbing  in- 
fluence may  be  brought  about,  by  the  introduction  of 
any  false  light  in  the  camera  wherein  this  image  is 
produced ;  but,  notwithstanding  this  incontrovertible 
fact,  there  are  those  who  remain  careless  as  to  the 
manner  of  rendering  the  camera  absolutely  dark,  in- 
attention to  which,  prevents  brilliancy  of  the  image, 
producing  what  is  termed  fog.  The  indistinctness 
referred  to,  may  also  be  produced  by  sensitizing  and 
developing  the  plate  in  a  room  lighted  either  by 


60 

means  of  light,  improper  in  quality,  or  by  using  too 
much  of  this  light.  What,  therefore,  is  the  charac- 
ter and  amount  of  light  that  can  be  safely  used  in  the 
operating  room'?  In  reply  to  this  inquiry  there  is 
fortunately  a  very  clear  answer ;  let  me  state  it.  And 
first  I  wish  to  lay  down  as  a  rule,  that  with  properly 
prepared  collodion,  no  matter  what  the  light  out-of- 
doors  be,  the  negative  image,  whether  under-exposed, 
or  just  enough  exposed,  should  more  or  less,  on  some 
portions,  and  generally  of  course  on  those  parts  in 
deepest  shadow,  show  a  bright  positive  surface,  when 
developed  and  fixed.  Too  much  light  in  the  operating 
room  will  destroy  this  brilliancy.  Another  guide  is 
the  behavior  of  the  developer.  The  developer  should 
remain  bright  for  some  time ;  too  much  light  in  the 
room  will  cause  it  to  blacken,  and  in  some  cases  throw 
down  a  loose  black  deposit  at  a  very  early  stage  of  the 
development ;  I  recommend  every  one  to  adopt  the 
course  I  am  now  going  to  suggest.  Darken  the  room 
entirely,  so  that  no  object  be  discernible  ;  slits,  cre- 
vices, and  holes  will  then  be  seen.  Now  let  light  into 
the  room,  passed  through  a  piece  of  amber-colored 
glass,  covered  closely  on  each  side  with  a  single  thick- 
ness of  yellow  tammy.  For  the  purpose  of  experi- 
ment only,  let  this  aperture  of  yellow  light  be  as 
small  as  possible ;  •  under  these  inconvenient  condi- 
tions of  light,  .develop  a  picture,  and  note  well  its 
character ;  then  find  out  by  degrees  how  much  larger 
the  aperture  of  yellow  light  may  be  made,  so  that  the 
beauty  and  purity  of  the  picture  be  not  less  on  com- 
parison with  the  first  result,  obtained  almost  in  dark- 
ness, and  which  may  be  called,  the  test  plate.  It  will 
then  be  very  soon  ascertained  how  large  the  aperture 
of  yellow  light  may  be  made  with  safety.  Let  it  be, 


61 

however,  remembered  that  this  experiment  must  be 
performed  on  a  bright  day,  when  the  light  is  strong- 
est upon  the  covered  yellow  glass.  I  do  not  believe 
that  either  yellow  glass  or  dyed  stuffs  alone  can  be 
depended  on ;  the  perfection  of  a  yellow  light  for 
photographic  purposes  will  be  found  in  a  combina- 
tion of  these  two  substances.  The  number  of  super- 
ficial square  inches  of  light,  passing  through  this  me- 
dium, must  be  regulated  according  to  the  position  of 
the  window  through  which  the  light  passes ;  hence 
the  necessity  for  these  experiments,  and  the  difficulty 
in  laying  down  any  fixed  rules.  This  is  my  formula 
for  lighting  a  room  with  yellow  light ;  but  bear  in 
mind  that  the  want  of  a  perfectly  light-tight  cover  to 
the  bath  for  use,  whilst  the  plate  is  iodizing,  would 
be  equally  a  source  of  stains  and  fogging ;  therefore, 
in  making  the  test  experiment,  cover  the  bath  and  its 
case  entirely  over  with  black  velvet  or  some  other 
dark  material,  should  there  be  occasion  to  open  the 
door  during  the  preparation  of  the  plate.  The  win- 
dow of  the  room  should  also  be  fitted  with  a  move- 
able  shade  of  yellow  material,  in  case  the  sun's  rays 
should  at  some  hour  of  the  day  fall  too  strongly  upon 
it.  An  extensive  correspondence  confirms  me  in  the 
opinion,  that  many  suffer  from  a  want  of  knowledge 
of  the  deleterious  action  of  light,  under  the  circum- 
stances stated. 

Again,  the  Collodion  may  be  the  cause  of  fog.  The 
absorption  of  Iodine  that  takes  place,  more  or  less,  in 
Collodion  containing  a  Bromide,  renders  it  too  neu- 
tral, frequently  giving  rise  to  a  haziness  of  the  image, 
and  consequently,  an  impression  that  the  Nitrate  of 
Silver  Bath  is  out  of  order  is  frequently  conveyed, 
when  such  is  really  not  the  case. 


62 

When  Collodion  becomes  colorless  or  lighter  in 
color,  after  having  been  kept  a  few  days  iodized,  a  so- 
lution of  Iodine  in  Spirit  should  be  added,  in  quantity 
just  sufficient,  to  restore  the  pale  amber  color  which 
it  possessed  when  freshly  iodized. 

A  bright  picture  is  always  obtainable  with  properly 
prepared  Collodion,  when  used  of  the  proper  color,  ac- 
cording to  these  instructions ;  it  therefore  follows, 
that  when  fogging  occurs,  it  must  be  due  either  to 
the  deteriorated  state  of  the  bath,  or  to  causes  stated 
in  this  paper,  viz.,  improper  lighting  of  the  subject, 
or  to  extraneous  light  either  impinging  on  the  lens, 
or  entering  the  operating  room  in  improper  quality 
and  quantity. 

An  under-exposed  picture  is  the  best  test  for  the 
condition  of  the  chemicals  (i.  e.,  as  to  freedom  from 
fog.  The  image  in  parts,  when  under-exposed,  should 
be,  when  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  as  clear  and 
bright  as  the  glass,  and  more  or  less  positive  by  re- 
flected light.  No  more  Iodine  should  be  added  to 
Collodion  than  is  necessary  to  produce  this  result. 
The  addition  of  acid  to  the  bath  should  be  avoided, 
as  this  tends  to  impair  the  quality  of  the  negative, 
lessening  sensitiveness  and  density. 

The  atom  of  Iodine  recommended,  develops  Nitric 
Acid,  and  insures  its  presence  in  proper  quantity, 
and,  moreover,  in  the  proper  place,  being  first  libe- 
rated in  the  body  of  the  film  of  Collodion,  thus  giv- 
ing the  greatest  amount  of  brilliancy  combined  with 
the  maximum  of  sensitiveness. 

Formula  for  Solution  of  Iodine  : — 

Iodine 2  grains. 

Spirits  of  Wine     ....      1  drachm. 


63 

One  drop  added  to  each  ounce  of  Iodized  Collo- 
dion will  be  found  to  produce  the  desired  effect. 

It  may  sometimes  be  necessary,  after  a  few  days, 
to  repeat  the  dose. 

N.B. — The  above  remarks  apply  also  to  Collodion 
sold  Iodized,  which,  if  colorless,  should  be  rendered 
pale  yellow  by  the  addition  of  Solution  of  Iodine  as 
above  directed. 

Glass  may  be  viewed  as  a  chemical  compound,  the 
silica,  of  which  it  is  composed,  combines  with  the 
alkaline  bases,  soda  and  potash,  in  definite  propor- 
tions. Like  other  chemical  bodies  it  is  affected  by 
atmospheric  influences — the  harder  the  glass  the  less 
it  is  altered  by  moisture  and  chemical  agents,  a  soda 
glass  being  preferable  to  that  made  with  potash. 
Although  silica  unites  definitely  and  in  equivalent 
proportions  with  the  alkaline  base,  a  variable  quantity 
of  the  basic  oxide  is  found  to  exist  in  most  glass, 
hence  the  difference  in  hardness  and  hygrometric 
properties.  Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  it  is  easy  to 
understand  the  necessity  for  attention  to  the  condition, 
not  only  of  the  surfaces,  but  also  of  the  body  of  the 
glass  at  the  time  it  receives  the  collodion  solution  ; 
to  insure  a  dry  condition  it  must  be  well  rubbed  in 
winter,  on  both  sides  with  dry  or  warm  cloths.  I 
find  nothing  better  than  the  mixture  recommended 
in  this  pamphlet  for  obtaining  a  clean  and  uniform 
surface.  I  can  always  produce  a  faultless  negative 
when  the  plate  has  gone  through  the  process  re- 
ferred to. 

Now  it  will  be  very  easily  seen  how  moisture 
operates  in  producing  streaky  or  stainy  pictures ; 
if  the  operator  adds  a  drop  or  so  of  his  collodion  to 
a  small  quantity  of  water  in  a  measure,  the  incom- 


64 

patibility  of  the  two  fluids  is  very  evident,  and  no 
amount  of  agitation  will  produce  solution  or  mixture. 

It  is,  however,  quite  true  that  a  drop  or  two  of 
water  added  to  collodion,  becomes  taken  up  by 
shaking ;  in  the  case  of  the  moist  plate  we  have  an 
illustration  of  the  first  example,  viz.,  the  collodion  to 
the  moisture ;  or  if  it  be  thought,  that  the  excess  of 
collodion  in  this  case  favors  the  absorption  of  mois- 
ture presented  to  it,  as  in  the  second  example,  recollect 
that  the  operations  are  not  analogous,  for  the  neces- 
sary agitation  is  wanting,  and  hence  a  cause  of  the 
streaky  and  smeary  appearance  resulting  from  the 
contact  of  bodies  having  no  affinity  for  each  other. 
The  effect  of  moisture  or  water  when  brought  into 
contact  with  collodion  is  to  precipitate  the  pyroxyline 
held  in  solution ;  a  streaky  condition  of  the  plate  is 
thus  produced,  and  in  consequence,  these  parts  absorb 
the  nitrate  of  silver  unequally. 

Secondly,  a  too  rapid  immersion  of  the  plate  will 
produce  a  similar  result.  In  winter  or  in  damp 
weather  the  film  does  not  set  rapidly,  a  few  seconds 
should  then  be  allowed  to  elapse  before  immersing 
the  plate ;  when  the  thermometer  is  at  about  60°  the 
plate  may  be  placed  in  the  bath  soon  after  the  collo- 
dion ceases  to  run,  without  any  fear  of  producing 
streaks;  perform  this  operation  leisurely  and  watch 
the  appearance  of  the  film  at  that  corner  nearest  the 
bottle. 

Thirdly,  an  excessive  accumulation  of  ether  and 
alcohol  in  the  bath.  The  bath  in  time  becomes  con- 
taminated with  ether  and  alcohol  (ether  being  only 
miscible  with  water  in  a  certain  proportion)  especially, 
so  in  winter,  the  ether  and  alcohol  in  damp  and  cold 
weather  not  leaving  the  film  so  freely.  The  excess  of 


65 

ether  floats  on  the  surface  of  the  bath  in  a  greasy 
condition,  combined  with  some  organic  matter  from 
the  film:  this  impurity  is  not  readily  separated  by 
filtering  the  bath  through  paper,  the  greater  portion 
passing  through  the  filter ;  it  may,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, be  got  rid  of,  by  lightly  passing  a  slip  of  filtering 
paper  over  the  surface  of  the  bath,  by  which  the 
greasy  matter  is  absorbed.  This  plan  is,  however, 
troublesome  and  requires  repetition  ;  exposure  of  the 
bath  for  some  days,  in  a  wide-mouth  bottle,  to  light, 
and  heat,  shaking  up  with  it  at  the  same  time  a  little 
carbonate  of  soda,  will  frequently  again  render  the 
bath  workable. 

A  better  plan  is,  to  make  use  of  a  stoppered  glass 
bottle  with  a  glass  tap  inserted  about  an  inch  or  so 
from  the  bottom,  by  means  of  which,  the  intermediate 
bright  solution  is  drawn  off  for  use,  and  all  floating 
matter  avoided;  this  arrangement  has  the  further 
advantage  of  leaving  all  particles  of  detached  pieces 
of  film  and  iodide,  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  and 
does  away  with  the  inconvenience  of  having  to  filter 
the  bath  so  frequently.  The  bottles  here  described 
can  be  procured  to  hold  from  four  to  sixteen  pints, 
and  are  most  useful  for  all  chemical  solutions. 

Fourthly,  from  floating  particles  of  film  and  iodide 
in  the  bath  which  having  been  acted  upon  by  light 
are  in  a  catalytic  condition,  and,  becoming  attached 
to  the  film,  assist  in  intensifying  the  action  along  the 
stream  of  liquid  flowing  from  this  nucleus.  In  these 
suggestions  I  think  will  be  found  means  for  overcom- 
ing and  providing  against  streaks :  there  is,  however, 
another  enemy  to  absolutely  clean  and  perfect  plates 
—I  allude  to  the  innumerable  varieties  of  spots,  met 
with  more  or  less  at  times  by  even  the  most  accom- 
5 


66 

plished  photographers.  I  do  not  think  that  these 
arise  frequently  from,  dust ;  I  have  worked  occasion- 
ally in  a  most  dusty  room,  and  still  dustier  camera, 
without  a  speck  on  the  negative.  Presuming  that 
the  collodion  be  of  good  quality,  my  own  experience 
in  this  matter  points  to  one  special  cause,  and  one 
only,  providing  the  remarks  on  this  subject  in  my 
paper,  "  How  to  Clean  the  Glass  Plate,"  be  borne  in 
mind  ;  they  arise  chiefly  from  the  breaking  or  rather 
•grinding-up  of  the  film  of  iodide,  by  means  of  the 
stopper  inserted  into  the  neck  of  the  bottle,  after  the 
preparation  of  the  plate ;  the  film  is  not  easily  re- 
moved by  wiping,  for  this  act  often  fails  to  remove 
the  dried  film,  a  portion  of  which  becomes  only 
displaced  and  falls  undissolved  into  the  collodion. 
The  remedy  at  once  suggests  itself — work  without  a 
stopper ;  this  may  be  easily  done  at  home,  but  not 
so  out  of  doors;  for  home  use,  a  bottle  with  a  cap 
only,  can  be  used,  but  the  bottle  should  be  provided 
also  with  a  stopper  to  insert  after  work,  the  neck  to 
be  wiped  clean  before  replacing  it.  When  working 
out  of  doors,  perfectly  clean  pictures  can  always  be 
insured,  by  first  pouring  away  a  few  drops  of  the 
collodion,  and  then  proceeding  at  once  to  coat  the 
plate ;  this  latter  plan  can  also  be  adopted  with 
advantage,  even  when  the  capped  and  stopperless 
bottle  is  employed. 


APPENDIX. 


FORMULA  FOR  GOLD  TONING  BATH  WITH 
ACETATE  OF  SODA. 

Chloride  of  Gold 3  grains 

Acetate  of  Soda 1  drachm 

Water 20  ounces. 

This  bath  should  be  prepared  twenty-four  hours  before  it 
is  required  for  use ;  it  keeps  well,  and  only  needs  strength- 
ening from  time  to  time  with  more  of  a  freshly  made  solution. 

FORMULA  FOR  GOLD  TONING  BATH  WITH 
CHLORIDE  OF  LIME. 

Chloride  of  Gold 3  grains 

"  Lime 2  grains 

Water 20  ounces. 

Very  dark  tones  are  easily  obtained  with  this  bath ;  it 
must,  however,  be  prepared  some  days  before  it  is  required 
for  use ;  if  made  with  boiling  water  it  may  be  used  the  follow- 
ing day. 

FORMULA  FOR  AMMONIO-SULPHATE  OF 
IRON  DEVELOPER. 

Ammonio- Sulphate  of  Iron     .     .  25  grains 

Glacial  Acetic  Acid      .     .     .     .  15  minims 

Alcohol     ........  J  drachm 

Water        .     •     »     .     .     .     .     .  1  ounce. 

A  preference  is  given  by  some  to  the  above  formula. 


MR.  CAREY  LEA'S  DEVELOPER. 


I  give  the  formula  for  this  new  developer  with  Mr.  Lea's 
remarks  thereon,  in  his  own  words : — 

"  It  has  seemed  to  me  probable  that  if  an  organic  matter 
could  be  chemically  combined  with  an  iron  developer  we 
might  expect  to  obtain  a  development  uniting  the  advantages 
of  an  iron  and  a  pyrogallic  development — the  delicacy  and 
detail  of  the  one,  and  the  force  of  the  other. 

"  An  attempt  has  already  been  made  in  this  direction,  and 
not  without  a  share  of  success.  A  so-called  saccharo-sulphate 
of  iron  has  been  tried,  and  by  some  operators  liked.  But  it 
appears  extremely  improbable  that  this  developer,  as  made 
according  to  the  usual  directions  given,  can  contain  the  sugar 
in  the  form  of  a  chemical  combination.  It  has,  indeed,  been 
formally  asserted  that  sugar  will  crystallize  with  sulphate  of 
iron  in  any  proportion,  depending  altogether  upon  the  quan- 
tity of  each  that  chances  to  be  present.  Besides,  we  know 
that  sulphuric  acid  is  capable  of  forming  a  large  number  of 
conjugated  acids  with  organic  substances,  but  in  every  case 
the  organic  body  must  be  presented  to  the  free  sulphuric 
acid.  In  no  case  does  the  union  of  the  organic  body  with 
the  acid  take  place  when  the  latter  has  been  first  combined 
with  a  strong  base.  It  is,  therefore,  I  think,  pretty  clear 
that  the  term  "  saccharo-sulphate,"  us  used  in  photography, 
is  a  complete  misnomer.  To  obtain  a  true  saccharo-sulphate 
of  iron  it  is  essential  that  the  saccharo-sulphuric  acid  be  first 
formed,  and,  subsequently,  be  combined  with  the  iron. 

"It  seemed  to  me,  therefore,  probable  that  a  true  sulpho- 
conjugated  salt  of  protoxide  of  iron  would  have  great  advan- 
tages as  a  developer ;  and  I  therefore  concluded  to  make  the 
experiment,  using  gelatine  as  the  organic  substance.  Follow- 


69 

ing  out  these  experiments,  I  obtained  an  excellent  developer, 
very  manageable,  giving  all  the  detail  of  sulphate  of  iron,  and 
a  strong  dark  image  like  that  of  pyrogallic  acid,  rarely  re- 
quiring re- development,  and  giving  light,  clean  negatives, 
with  singularly  little  tendency  to  fog  by  prolonged  use  of 
the  developer. 

"I  shall  now  proceed  to  give  the  mode  of  preparation  of 
this  developer. 

"  Add  an  ounce  of  sulphuric  acid  to  three  ounces  of  water, 
and  set  aside  to  cool.  Then  add  to  this  liquid  an  ounce  of 
good  gelatine ;  let  it  swell  and  dissolve,  placing  it  for  that 
purpose  in  a  slightly  warm  place,  not  exceeding  blood  heat, 
for  twenty-four  hours.  Then  add  iron  filings  in  excess, 
avoiding  all  application  of  heat ;  let  it  stand  for  several  days. 
Finally  add  a  little  acetate  of  soda  as  before ;  filter,  and 
dilute  to  fifteen  ounces. 

"  It  is  very  curious  to  observe  the  power  which  the  gela- 
tine exerts  as  a  restraining  influence.  This  developer  eon- 
tains  a  very  large  quantity  of  sulphate  of  iron,  much  more 
so  than  is  usually  employed  in  a  developer,  and  yet  it  stands 
in  need  of  no  free  acid  to  check  it;  and  the  restraining  is  so 
effectual  that  it  may  be  kept  on  the  plate  twice  as  long  as  a 
common  iron  developer  without  fogging.  In  this  respect,  as 
well  as  in  the  color  which  it  gives  to  the  image,  it  resembles 
pyrogallic  acid. 

"  I  would  especially  warn  those  who  may  prepare  this  de- 
veloper for  themselves  to  apply  heat  only  as  directed  in  the 
formula,  and  not  to  any  greater  extent  or  degree.  If,  for 
example,  heat  be  applied  to  expedite  the  solution  of  the  iron, 
a  decomposition  appears  to  set  in,  and  the  liquid  obtained, 
though  it  may  still  develop,  will  not  possess  the  good  quali- 
ties of  that  prepared  strictly  in  the  manner  which  I  have 
described." 


INDEX. 


Acetate  of  soda,  gold  toning  bath  with, 

67 

Acid,  dilute,  34 
Albumenized  paper,  6 
Alkali,  the,  34 
Alkaline  chloride  of  gold,  56 

normal  bath,  37 
Amber  varnish,  23 
Ammonio-sulphate  of  iron  developer, 

67 

Bath,  alkaline  normal,  37 
faulty,  36 
preparation  of  a  nitrate  of  silver, 

31,  35,  37 
requiring  an  addition  of  an  acid, 

38 
Bath  with  an  excess  of  nitric  acid, 

38 
with  a  proper  quantity  of  nitric 

acid  as  a  corrective,  38 
with  insufficient  quantity  of  nitric 

acid  as  a  corrective,  37 
Baths,  23 

Bellows  cameras,  28 
Black  cloth,  use  of,  26 
Bromide  of  silver,  8 
Bromo-iodized  collodion,  12,  20 

Cadmium,  collodion  iodized  with,  21 
Camera,  7 

the,  described,  27 
Cameras,  expanding  or  bellows,  28 
Cautions  to  be  observed,  22 
Chemicals,  purity  of,  23 
Chloride  of  gold,  alkaline,  56 

of  lime,  gold  toning  bath  with,  67 

of  silver,  7 

Clean  a  glass,  after  having  used  it,  to, 
14 

glass,  13 

the  glass  for  negatives,  12 
Cleaning  glass  plate,  40 
Cleanliness  in  photographic  processes, 

24 

Coat  the  plate,  to,  14 
Collodion,  8,  27 

bromo-iodized,  12,  20 


Collodion,  condiiion  of,  best  suited  for 

different  purposes,  26 
iodized,  19 

iodized  with  cadmium,  21 
iodized  with  potassium,  21 
negative,  fog,  stains  and  streaks 

in,  59 

plain  iodized,  20 
Collodionized  plates,  action  of  nitrate 

of  silver  bath  on,  37 
Construction  of  photographic  lens,  5 
Corrective,  nitric  acid  as,  37,  38 
Cracks  in  negatives,  49 

Dark  room,  light  in,  26 
Deoxidizer,  9 
Developer,  67 

Lea's,  68 
Developing,  17 

solution,  iron,  15 
Dilute  acid,  34 

Double  lens,  working  with,  25 
Drying  of  negatives,  50 

Ebonite  baths,  23 

Edges  of  the  glass  for  negatives,  12 

Expanding  or  bellows  cameras,  28 

Fascination  of  the  art  of  photography,  3 

Faulty  bath,  36 

Finished  photograph,  11 

Fixing  the  negative,  18 

Flushing  the  plate  with  iron  solution, 

17 
Fog,  stains  and  streaks  in  the  collodion 

negative,  59 
Formula  for  ammonio-sulphate  of  iron 

developer,  67 
for  gold  toning  bath  with  acetate 

of  soda,  67 
for  gold  toning  bath  with  chloride 

of  lime,  67 

for  nitrate  of  silver  bath,  35 
for  solution  of  iodine,  62 

Glass,  63 

clean,  13 

baths  preferable,  23 


72 


Glass  for  negatives,  12 

for  negatives,  to  clean,  12 

plate,  cleaning,  40 

polish,  13 
Gold  toning  bath  with  acetate  of  soda,  67 

toning  bath  with  chloride  of  lime, 

67 
Gutta-percha  baths,  23 

How  to  make  the  negative,  12 
Hyposulphite  of  soda,  11,  18,  23 

Innumerable  processes  in  photography* 

3 

Intensifying  solutions,  16 
Iodide  of  silver,  8 
Iodine,  formula  for  solution,  62 
Iodized  collodion,  20 
Iron  developing  solution,  15 

solution,  flushing  the  plate  with,  17 

Lea's  developer,  68 
Lens,  the,  6,  28 

triplet,  28 
Lenses,  combinations  of,  5 

construction  of  photographic,  5 
Light  in  dark  room,  26 

what  is  it  ?  5 

Monochrome,  6 

Negative,  9 

collodion,  59 

formation  of,  9 

how  to  make,  12 

how  to  print,  52 

how  to  varnish,  45 

solution  for  fixing,  18 

use  of,  10 
Negatives,  cracks  in,  49 

drying,  50 

edges  of  the  glass  for,  12 

precautions  necessary  on  perfect, 

29 

Nitrate  of  silver  bath,  action  upon  col- 
lodionized  plates,  37 

of  silver  bath,  preparation  of,  31, 
35,  37 

of  silver  bath,  state  of,  37 

of  silver  bath,  to  use,  14 
Nitric  acid,  38 
Notes,  25 

Objects  of  the  author,  4 
Open  air  pictures,  precautions,  28 
portraits  and  groups,  29 
Oxide,  excess  filtered  off  of  bath,  37 

Paper,  albumenized,  6 
prepared,  6 


Perfect  pictures,  rules  and  cautions  for 

production  of,  22 
Photograph,  finished,  11 
Photographic  lenses,  construction,  5 

pictures,  key  to  the  formation  of,  6 
Photography,  difficulty  in  the  success- 
ful practice,  4 
fascination  of,  3 
innumerable  processes,  3 
many  roads  to  success  in,  3 
l^tures,  rules  and  cautions  for  pro- 
duction of  perfect,  22 
Plain  iodized  collodion,  20 
Plate,  to  coat.  14 
Polish  glass  for  negatives,  13 
Porcelain  baths,  23 
Portraits  and  groups  in  the  open  air, 

29 

Potassium,  collodion  iodized  with,  21 
Prepared  paper,  6 
Preparation  of  a  nitrate  of  silver  bath, 

31,  35,  37 

Print  the  negative,  how  to,  52 
Properties  of  bromo-iodized  collodion, 

20 

Properties  of  certain  chemical  prepara- 
tions sensitive  to  light,  7 
of  plain  iodized  collodion,  20 
Proto-sulphate  of  iron,  9 
Pyrogallic  development,  19 
solution,  16,  21 

Rules  and  cautions  for  the  production 
of  perfect  pictures,  22 

Sensitive  plate,  preparation  of,  8 
Shadow,  effect  of  upon  prepared  plate, 

6. 
Solution  for  fixing  the  negative,  18 

of  iodine,  formula  for,  62 

of  proto-sulphate  of  iron,  9 

pyrogallic,  16,  21 
Solutions,  intensifying,  16 
Solvent,  11 
Spirit  varnish,  23 

Stains  and  streaks  in  the  collodion  ne- 
gative, 59 

removal  of,  24 

Toning  processes,  56 
Triplet  lens,  28 

Use  of  collodion  iodized  for  pyrogallic 
development,  19 

Varnish,  selecting,  51 

the  negative  how  to,  45 

What  is  light?  5 


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Friction  of  surfaces  in  contact. 

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of  boilers,  Dimensions  of  fire  grates,  Chimneys,  Safety  valves. 

THE  STUDY  AND  CONSTRUCTION  OF  TOOTHKD  GEAR. — Involute,  cycloid, 
and  epicycloid,  Plates  XVIII.  and  XIX.  Involute,  Fig.  1,  Plate  XVIII. 
Cycloid,  Fig.  2,  Plate  XVIII.  External  epicycloid,  described  by  a  circle 
rolling  about  a  fixed  circle  inside  it,  Fig.  3,  Plate  XIX.  Internal  epicycloid, 
Fig.  2,  Plate  XIX.  Delineation  of  a  rack  and  pinion  in  gear,  Fig.  4,  Plate 
XVIII.  Gearing  of  a  worm  with  a  worm-wheel,  Figs.  5  and  6,  Plate  XVIII. 
Cylindrical  or  Spur  Gearing,  Plate  XIX.  Practical  delineation  of  a  couple  of 
Spur-wheels,  Plate  XX.  The  Delineation  and  Construction  of  Wooden  Patterns 
for  Toothed  Wheels,  Plate  XXI.  Rules  and  Practical  Data— Toothed  gearing, 
Angular  and  circumferential  velocity  of  wheels,  Dimensions  of  gearing, 
Thickness  of  the  teeth.  Pitch  of  the  teeth,  Dimensions  of  the  web,  Number 
and  dimensions  of  the  arms,  wooden  patterns. 

CONTINUATION  OF  THE  STUDY  OF  TOOTHED  GEAR. — Design  for  a  pair 
of  bevel-wheels  in  gear,  Plate  XXII.  Construction  of  wooden  patterns  for 
a  pair  of  bevel-wheels,  Plate  XXIII.  Involute  and  Helical  Teeth,  Plate  XXIV. 
Contrivances  for  obtaining  Differential  Movements — The  delineation  of  eccen- 
trics and  cams,  Plate  XXV.  Rules  and  Practical  Data—  Mechanical  work  of 
effect,  The  simple  machines,  Centre  of  gravity,  On  estimating  the  power  of 
prime  movers,  Calculation  for  the  brake,  The  fall  of  bodies,  Momentum, 
Central  forces. 

ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  SHADOWS.— Shadows  of  Prisms,  Pyramids 
and  Cylinders,  Plate  XXVI.  Principles  of  Shading,  Plate  XXVII.  Continua- 
tion of  the  Study  of  Shadows,  Plate  XXVIII.  Tuscan  Order,  Plate  XXIX. 
Rules  and  Practical  Data — Pumps,  Hydrostatic  principles,  Forcing  pumps, 
Lifting  and  forcing  pumps,  The  Hydrostatic  press,  Hydrostatical  calcula- 
tions and  data— discharge  of  water  through  different  orifices,  Gauging  of  a 
water-course  of  uniform  section  and  fall,  Velocity  of  the  bottom  of  water- 
courses, Calculations  of  the  discharge  of  water  through  rectangular  orifices 
of  narrow  edges,  Calculation  of  the  discharge  of  water  through  overshot 
outlets,  To  determine  the  width  of  an  overshot  outlet,  To  determine  the 
depth  of  the  outlet,  Outlet  with  a  spout  or  duct. 

APPLICATION  OF  SHADOWS  TO  TOOTHED  GEAR,  Plate  XXX.  Application 
of  Shadows  to  Screws,  Plate  XXXI.  Application  of  Shadows  to  a  Boiler  and  its 
furnace,  Plate  XXXII.  Shading  in  Black— Shading  in  Colors,  Plate  XXXIII. 

THE  CUTTING  AND  SHAPING  OF  MASONRY,  Plate  XXXIV.  Rules  and  Prac- 
tical Data — Hydraulic  motors,  Undershot  water-wheels,  with  plane  floats 
and  a  circular  channel,  Width,  Diameter,  Velocity,  Number,  and  capacity  of 
the  buckets.  Useful  effect  of  the  water-wheel,  Overshot  water-wheels,  Water- 
wheels  with  radical  floats,  Water-wheel  with  curved  buckets,  Turbines. 
Re  marks  on  Machine  Tools. 

THE  STUDY  OF  MACHINERY  AND  SKETCHING. — Various  applications  and 
combinations :  The  Sketching  of  Machinery,  Plates  XXXV.  and  XXXVI. 
Drilling  Machines;  Motive  Machines;  Water-wheels,  Construction  and  set- 
ting up  of  water-wheels,  Delineation  of  water-wheels,  Design  of  a  water- 
wheel.  Sketch  of  a  water-wheel ;  Overshot  Water-wheels,  Water  Pumps,  Plate 
XXXVII.  Steam  Motors ;  High-pressure  expansive  steam-engine,  Plates 
XXXVIII.,  XXXIX.,  and  XL.  Details  of  Construction;  Movements  of  the 
Distribution  and  Expansion  Valves  ;  Rules  and  Practical  Data — Steam-engines  : 
Low-pressure  condensing  engines  without  expansion  valve,  Diauieter 

2 


PUBLISHED  BY  HEWRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

of  piston,  Velocities,  Steam  pipes  and  passages,  Air-pump  and  condenser, 
Cold-water  and  feed-pumps,  High-pressure  expansive  engines,  Medium  pres- 
sure condensing  and  expansive  steam-engine,  Conical  pendulum  or  centri- 
fugal governor. 

OBLIQUE  PROJECTIONS.— Application  of  rules  to  the  delineation  of  an 
oscillating  cylinder.  Plate  XLi 

PARALLEL  PERSPECTIVE. — Principles  and  applications,  Plate  XLII. 

TRUE  PERSPECTIVE.— Elementary  principles,  Plate  XLIII.  Applications 
—flour  mill  driven  by  belts,  Plates  XL1V.  and  XLV.  Description  of  the 
mill.  Representation  of  the  mill  in  perspective,  Notes  of  recent  improve- 
ments in  flour  mills,  Schiele's  mill,  Mullin's  "ring  millstone,"  Barnett's 
millstone,  Hastie's  arrangement  for  driving  mills,  Currie's  improvements  in 
millstones.  Rules  and  Practical  Data — W^ork  performed  by  various  ma- 
chines, Flour  mills,  Saw-mills,  Veneer  sawing  machines,  Circular  saws. 

EXAMPLES  OF  FINISHED  DRAWINGS  OF  MACHINERY. — Plate  A,  Balance 
water-meter;  Plate  B,  Engineer's  shaping  machine;  Plates  C,  D,  E,  Express 
locomotive  engine ;  Plate  F,  Wood  planing  machine ;  Plate  G,  Washing 
machine  for  piece  goods ;  Plate  H,  power-loom ;  Plate  I,  Duplex  steam 
boiler  ;  Plate  J,  Direct-acting  marine  engines. 

DRAWING  INSTRUMENTS. 

Arrowsmith.  Paper-Hanger's  Companion : 

By  James  Arrowsmith.     12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Baird.    The  American  Cotton  Spinner,  and 
Manager's  and  Carder's  Guide : 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Cotton  Spinning ;  giving  the  Di- 
mensions and  Speed  of  Machinery,  Draught  and  Twist  Calcu- 
lations, etc. ;  with  notices  of  recent  Improvements  :  together 
with  Eules  and  Examples  for  making  changes  in  the  sizes 
and  numbers  of  Roving  and  Yarn.  Compiled  from  the  pa- 
pers of  the  late  Robert  H.  Baird.  12mo $1.50 

CONTENTS.— Introduction  ;  On  the  Plan  of  a  Factory  Building ;  On  the 
Main  Gearing ;  On  Water-wheels  ;  Calculations  of  Horse- Power  for  Pro- 
pelling Cotton  Spinning  Machinery  ;  Willie  or  Picking  Machine  ;  On  Wil- 
leying  Cotton  ;  Spreading  Machine  ;  On  Spreading  Cotton  ;  Carding  ;  Cards 
and  Carding  ;  Covering  Emery  Rollers  and  Emeries  ;  The  Drawing-frame  ; 
Roving ;  General  Remarks  on  Drawing  and  Roving  ;  Throstles  ;  Remarks 
on  Throstles ;  Mule  Spinning ;  General  Observations  on  Mule  Spinning ; 
Weaving ;  Belting ;  Miscellaneous  matters. 

Beans.    A  Treatise  on  Railroad  Curves  and 
the  Location  of  Railroads: 

By  E.  W.  Beans,  C.  E,     12mo.     (In  press.) 

Bishop.    A  History  of  American  Manufac- 
tures : 

From  1608  to  1860  :  exhibiting  the  Origin  and  Growth  of 
the  Principal  Mechanic  Arts  and  Manufactures,  from  the 
Earliest  Colonial  Period  to  the  Present  Time  ;  with  a  Notice 
of  the  Important  Inventions,  Tariffs,  and  the  Results  of  each 
Decennial  Census.  By  J.  Leander  Bishop,  M.  D. ;  to  which 
is  added  Notes  on  the  Principal  Manufacturing  Centres  and 
Remarkable  Manufactories.  By  Edward  Young  and  Edwin 

T.  Freedley.    In  two  vols.,  8vo $6.00 

3 


PKACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS, 

Blinn.  A  Practical  Workshop  Companion 
for  Tin,  Sheet-Iron,  and  Copper-Plate  Work- 
ers: 

Containing  Kules  for  describing  various  kinds  of  Patterns  used 
by  Tin,  Sheet-Iron,  and  Copper-Plate  Workers  ;  Practical  Ge- 
ometry; Mensuration  of  Surfaces  and  Solids;  Tables  of  the 
Weights  of  Metals,  Lead  Pipe,  etc. ;  Tables  of  Areas  and  Cir- 
cumferences of  Circles  ;  Japan,  Tarnishes,  Lackers,  Cements, 
Compositions,  etc.,  etc.  By  Leroy  J.  Blinn,  Master  Me- 
chanic. With  over  One  Hundred  Illustrations.  12mo.  $2.50 

CONTENTS.— Rules  for  Describing  Patterns.— An  Envelope  for  a  Cone,  A 
Frustrum  of  a  Cone,  A  Can  top  or  Deck  flange  ;  A  Pattern  for,  or  an  Enve- 
lope for  a  Frustrum  of  a  Cone,  A  Tapering  Oval  Article  to  be  in  four  Sec- 
tions, A  T.apering  Oval  Article  to  be  in  two  Sections,  A  Tapering  Oval  Ar- 
ticle. A  Tapering  Oval  and  Oblong  Article,  the  sides  to  be  Straight,  with 
Quarter  Circle  corners,  to  be  in  two  Sections,  A  Tapering  Oval  or  Oblong 
Article,  the  sides  to  be  Straight,  one  end  to  be  a  Semicircle,  the  other  end 
to  be  Straight,  with  Quarter  Circle  corners,  to  be  in  two  Sections,  A  Tapering 
Oval  or  Oblong  Article,  the  sides  to  be  Straight,  with  Semicircle  ends,  to  be 
in  two  Sections,  Covering  of  Circular  Roofs,  Two  different  Principles,  To 
cover  a  Dome  by  the  first  Method,  To  cover  a  Dome  by  the  second  Method, 
To  ascertain  the  Outline  of  a  Course  of  covering  to  a  Dome,  without  refer- 
ence to  a  Section  of  the  Dome,  To  describe  a  Pattern  for  a  Tapering  Square 
Article,  A  Square  Tapering  Article  to  be  in  two  Sections,  A  Tapering  Arti- 
cle, the  Base  to  be  Square,  and  the  Top  a  Circle,  in  two  Sections,  A  Tapering 
Article,  the  Base  to  be  a  Rectangle,  and  the  Top  Square,  in  two  Sections,  A 
Tapering  Article,  the  Base  to  be  a  Rectangle,  and  the  Top  a  Circle,  in  two 
Sections,  A  Tapering  Article,  the  Top  and  Base  to  be  a  Rectangle,  in  two 
Sections,  Tapering  Octagon  Top  or  Cover,  A  Miter  Joint  at  Right  Angles  for 
a  Semicircle  Gutter,  A  Miter  Joint  at  any  Angle  for  a  Semicircle  Gutter, 
A  Miter  Joint  for  an  O  G  Gutter  at  Right  Angles,  A  Miter  Joint  for  an  O  G 
Cornice  at  Right  Angles,  also  an  Offset,  An  Octagon  O  G  Lamp  Top  or 
Cover,  A  T  Pipe  at  Right  Angles,  A  T  Pipe  at  any  Angle,  A  T  Pipe,  the 
Collar  to  be  smaller  than  the  Main  Pipe,  A  T  Pipe  at  any  Angle,  the  Collar 
to  set  on  one  side  of  the  Main  Pipe,  A  Pipe  to  fit  a  flat  Surface  at  any  Angle, 
as  the  Side  of  a  Roof  of  a  Building,  A  Pipe  to  fit  two  flat  Surfaces,  as  the 
Roof  of  a  Building,  An  Elbow  at  Right  Angles,  An  Elbow  Pattern  at  any 
Angle,  An  Elbow  in  three  Sections,  An  Elbow  in  four  Sections,  An  Elbow  in 
five  Sections,  A  Tapering  Elbow,  An  Oval  Boiler  Cover,  A  Flange  lor  a  Pipe 
that  goes  on  the  Roof  of  a  Building,  Octagon  or  Square  Top  or  Cover, 
Steamer  Cover.  An  Ellipse  or  Oval,  having  two  Diameters  given,  An  Ellipse 
with  the  Rule  and  Compasses,  the  Transverse  ajid  Conjugate  Diameters 
being  given,  that  is.  the  Length  and  Width,  To  find  the  Centre  and  the  two 
Arcs  of  an  Ellipse,  To  find  the  Radius  and  Versed  Sine  for  a  given  Frustrum 
of  a  Cone,  Practical  Geometry,  Decimal  Equivalents  to  Fractional  Parts 
of  Lineal  Measurement,  Definitions  of  Arithmetical  Signs.  Mensuration  of 
Surfaces,  Mensuration  of  Solids  and  Capacities  of  Bodies,  Tables  of  Weights 
of  Iron,  Copper,  and  Lead,  Tables  of  the  Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Cir- 
cles, Sizes  and  capacity  of  Tinware  in  form  of  Frustrum  of  a  Cone,  such  as 
Pans,  Dish  Kettles,  Pails,  Coffee-pots,  Wash  Bowls,  Dippers,  Measures, 
Druggists'  and  Liquor  Dealers'  Measures,  American  Lap  Welded  Iron 
Boiler  Flues,  Table  of  Effects  upon  Bodies  by  Heat,  Weight  of  Water, 
Effects  produced  by  Water  in  an  Aeriform  State,  Practical  Properties  of 
Water,  Effects  produced  by  Water  in  its  Natural  State,  Effects  of  Heat  at 
certain  Temperatures,  Tempering,  Effects  produced  by  Air  in  its  Natural 
and  in  a  Rarefied  State,  Table  of  the  Expansion  of  Atmospheric  Air  by 
Heat,  Size,  Length,  Breadth,  and  Weight  of  Tin  Plates,  Crystalli/ed  Tin 
Plate,  List  of  Calibre  and  Weights  of  Lead  Pipe,  Calibre  and  Weights  of 
Fountain  or  Aqueduct  Pipes,  To  ascertain  the  Weights  of  Pipes  of  various 
Metals,  and  any  Diameter  required,  Weight  of  a  Square  Foot  of  Sheet  Iron, 
Copper,  and  Brass,  as  per  Birmingham  Wire  Gauge,  Recapitulation  of 

4 


PUBLISHED  BY    HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD.1 


Weights  of  Various  Substances.  Practical  Receipts.—  Japanning  and  Vat 
nishing,  Varnishes— Miscellaneous,  Lackers,  Cements,  Miscellaneous  Re 
ceipts,  Britannia,  Solders,  etc.,  Strength,  of  Materials. 

Booth  and    Morfit.     The  Encyclopedia  of 
Chemistry,  Practical  and  Theoretical: 

Embracing  its  application  to  the  Arts,  Metallurgy,  Mineral- 
ogy, Geology,  Medicine,  and  Pharmacy.  By  James  C.  Booth, 
Melter  and  Refiner  in  the  United  States  Mint,  Professor  of 
Applied  Chemistry  in  the  Franklin  Institute,  etc.,  assisted 
by  Campbell  Morfit,  author  of  "Chemical  Manipulations, "etc. 
7th  edition.  Complete  in  one  volume,  royal  8vo.  978  pages, 
with  numerous  wood-cuts  and  other  illustrations $5.00 

Brewer;  (The  Complete  Practical.) 

Or  Plain,  Concise,  and  Accurate  Instructions  in  the  Art  of 
Brewing  Beer,  Ale,  Porter,  etc.,  etc.,  and  the  Process  of 
making  all  the  Small  Beers^  By  M.  Lafayette  Byrn,  M.  D. 
With  Illustrations.  12mo $1.25 

Buckmaster.    The  Elements  of  Mechanical 
Physics. 

By  J.  C.  Buckmaster,  late  Student  in  the  Goverment  School 
of  Mines ;  Certified  Teacher  of  Science  by  the  Department 
of  Science  and  Art ;  Examiner  in  Chemistry  and  Physics 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Preceptors;  arid  late  Lecturer  in 
Chemistry  and  Physics  of  the  Royal  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings.  In  one  volume, 

12ino $2.00 

CONTENTS. — The  Elements  of  Mechanical  Physics — CHAP.  I. — Statics  and  Dy- 
namics ;  Force  ;  Gravitation  and  Weight ;  On  Matter — its  Mass,  Density, 
and  Volume.  II.— Centre  of  Gravity  ;  Stable  and  Unstable  Equilibrium ; 
To  find  the  Centre  of  Gravity  of  a  Material  Straight  Line  of  Uniform  Den- 
sity ;  To  find  the  Centre  of  Gravity  of  two  heavy  Points  joined  by  a  rigid 
bar  without  Weight ;  To  find  the  Centre  of  Gravity  of  a  number  of  heavy 
points  ;  To  find  the  Centre  of  Gravity  of  a  Material  Plain  Triangle.  III.— 
Levers  ;  Levers  are  of  three  kinds ;  Virtual  Velocity  ;  Balances  ;  The  Safety 
Valve  ;  Mechanical  Combinations  and  their  Advantages.  IV.— The  Wheel 
and  Axle  :  The  Compound  Wheel  and  Axle.  V.— The  Pulley  ;  Wheels  and 
Pinions  ;  Crank?  and  Fly- Wheel.  VI.— The  Inclined  Plane  ;  The  Wedge  ; 
The  Screw.  VII. — Composition  and  Resolution  of  Forces.  VIIL— Falling 
Bodies  ;  Ascent  of  Bodies  ;  Projection  of  Bodies  Horizontally.  IX. — Mo- 
mentum. X.— Sound  ;  The  Pendulum. 

Elements  of  Hydrostatics. — CHAP.  I. — Hydrostatics  ;  Bramah  Hydrostatic 
Press.  II.— Specific  Gravity ;  Table  of  Specific  Gravities.  III.— Elastic  Fluids  ; 
The  Air  Pump  and  its  Operation ;  The  Construction  of  the  Condenser  and  its 
Operation  ;  The  Barometer ;  The  Action  of  the  Siphon  ;  How  to  Graduate 
a  common  Thermometer  ;  To  Reduce  the  Degrees  of  a  Thermometer  in  Fah- 
renheit's scale  to  a  centigrade  and  the  converse ;  The  Construction  of  a 
Siphon  gauge  ;  The  Construction  of  a  common  Pump  and  its  Operation  ; 
The  Construction  and  Operation  of  a  Force  Pump  ;  The  Operation  of  a  Fire 
Engine ;  The  Operation  of  a  Lifting  Pump  ;  The  Hydraulic  Ram  ;  The 
Archimedian  Screw  ;  The  Chain  Pump  ;  Mercurial  Steam  Gauge  ;  Examina- 
tion Papers. 
APPENDIX.— Examples ;  Answers  to  Examples. 


^PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC    BOOKS, 

Bullock.  The  Rudiments  of  Architecture 
and  Building : 

For  the  use  of  Architects,  Builders,  Draughtsmen,  Ma- 
chinists, Engineers  and  Mechanics.  Edited  by  John  Bul- 
lock, author  of  "The  American  Cottage  Builder."  Illus- 
trated by  Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  Engravings.  In  one  vol- 
ume, 8vo $3.50 

Burgh.  The  Slide  Valve  Practically  Consid- 
ered. 

By  N.  P.  Burgh,  Engineer.   Completely  Illus.   12mo..  42.00 

Burgh.  Practical  Rules  for  the  Proportion  of 
Modern  Engines  and  Boilers  for  Land  and 
Marine  Purposes. 

By  N.  P.  Burgh,  Engineer.     12mo $2.00 

CONTENTS.  — High  Pressure  Engines;  Beam  Engines  (condensing); 
Marine  Screw  Engines  ;  Oscillating  Engines ;  Valves,  etc.  ;  Land  and 
Marine  Boilers.  Miscellaneous.— Coal  Bunkers.  Marine ;  Decimals,  etc. ; 
Eccentric,  Position  of,  for  Land  Engines  ;  Eccentric,  Position  of.  for  Marine 
Screw  Engines  ;  Fire  Bars ;  Keys  and  Cotters ;  Link  for  Land  Engine,  Ra- 
dius of;  Levers  ;  Link  for  Oscillating  Engine,  Radius  of;  Link  for  Marine 
Screw  Engine,  Radius  of;  Proportion  of  Connecting  Rods  having  Strap 
Ends;  Paddle  Wheels,  Centres  of  Radius  Rods;  Plummer  Blocks;  Propor 
tions  of  Steam  Cocks  with  Plugs  secured  by  Nuts  and  Screws  ;  Proportion 
of  Marine  Cocks ;  Proportions  of  Bolts,  Nuts,  etc.  ;  Proportions  ot  Pins, 
Studs,  Flanges,  etc. ;  Proportions  of  Copper  Pipes  ;  Proportions  of  Engines  ; 
Sliding  Quadrant ;  Toothed  Wheels  (Gearing).  Proportions  of  Engines  Pro- 
duced by  the  Rules:  Proportions  of  an  Engine  20  HP  nominal  ;  Proportions  of 
a  Condensing  Beam  Engine  150  HP  nominal ;  Proportions  of  a  Pair  of  Marine 
Engines  of  200  HP  Collectively  ;  Proportions  of  a  Pair  of  Oscillating  Engines 
of  400  HP  Collectively  ;  Proportions  of  Boilers. 

Byrne.  Pocket  Book  for  Railroad  and  Civil 
Engineers. 

Containing  New,  Exact,  and  Concise  Methods  for  Laying 
out  Kailroad  Curves,  Switches,  Frog  Angles  and  Crossings  ; 
the  Staking  out  of  Work;  Leveling ;  the  Calculation  of  Cut- 
tings, Embankments,  Earth-work,  etc.  By  Oliver  Byrne. 
Illustrated,  18mo $1.25 

Byrne.  The  Practical  Metal- Worker's  As- 
sistant. k 

Comprising  Metallurgic  Chemistry ;  the  Arts  of  Working  all 
Metals  and  Alloys  ;  Forging  of  Iron  and  Steel;  Hardening 
and  Tempering ;  Melting  and  Mixing  ;  Casting  and  Found- 
ing ;  Works  in  Sheet  Metal ;  the  Process  dependent  on  the 
Ductility  of  the  Metals  ;  Soldering ;  and  the  most  Improved 
Processes  and  Tools  employed  by  Metal-Workers.  With 
the  Application  of  the  Art  of  Electro-Metallurgy  to  Manu- 
facturing Processes  :  Collected  from  Original  Sources,  and 
6 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

from  the  Works  of  Holtzapffel,  Bergeron,  Leupold,  Pluraier, 
Napier,  and  others.  By  Oliver  Byrne.  A  New,  Revised, 
and  Improved  Edition,  with  additions  by  John  Scoffern, 
M.  B.,  William  Clay,  William  Fairbairn,  F.  K.  S.,  and  James 
Napier.  With  Five  Hundred  and  Ninety-two  Engravings, 
illustrating  every  Branch  of  the  Subject.  In  one  volume, 
8vo.  652  pages $7.00 

CONTENTS.— Oil  Metallurgic  Chemistry  ;  Special  Metallurgic  Operations ; 
Recently  Patented  Refining  Processes ;  Refining  and  Working  of  Iron  ; 
Manufacture  of  Steel;  Forging  Iron  and  Steel;  On  Wrought-Iron  in  Large 
Masses  ;  General  Examples  of  Welding,  Hardening  and  Tempering;  Hard- 
ening Cast  and  Wrought-Iron  ;  On  the  Application  of  Iron  to  Ship-Build- 
ing ;  The  Metals  and  Alloys  most  commonly  used  ;  Remarks  on  the  Char- 
acter of  the  Metals  and  Alloys  ;  Melting  and  Mixing  the  Metals  ;  Cas 
and  Founding;  Works  in  Sheet  Metal  made  by  Joining;  Works  in  S 
Metal  made  by  raising  and  flattening  of  thin  Plates  of  Metal ;  Processes  de- 
pendent on  Ductility  ;  Soldering ;  Shears ;  Punches  ;  Drills  ;  Screwrcutting 
Tools;  Electro-Metallurgy. 

Byrne.    The  Handbook  for  the  Artisan,  Me- 
chanic, and  Engineer. 

By  Oliver  Byrne.  Illustrated  by  11  large  plates  and  185 
wood  engravings.  8vo $5.00 

CONTENTS. — Grinding  Cutting  Tools  on  the  Ordinary  Grindstone  ;  Sharp- 
ening Cutting  Tools  on  the  Oilstone ;  Setting  Razors  ;  Sharpening  Cutting 
Tools  with  Artificial  Grinders  ;  Production  of  Plane  Surfaces  by  Abrasion  : 
Production  of  Cylindrical  Surfaces  by  Abrasion ;  Production  of  Conical 
Surfaces  by  Abrasion  ;  Production  of  Spherical  Surfaces  by  Abrasion  ;  Glass 
Cutting  ;  Lapidary  Work ;  Setting,  Cutting,  and  Polishing  Flat  and  Rounded 
Works ;  Cutting  Faucets ;  Lapidary  Apparatus  for  Amateurs ;  Gem  and 
Glass  Engraving  ;  Seal  and  Gem  Engraving ;  Cameo  Cutting  ;  Glass  Engrav- 
ing, Varnishing,  and  Lackering;  General  Remarks  upon  Abrasive  Pro- 
cesses ;  Dictionary  of  Apparatus ;  Materials  and  Processes  for  Grinding 
and  Polishing,  commonly  employed  in  the  Mechanical  and  Useful  Artu. 

Byrne.    The  Practical  Model  Calcufc-tor: 

For  the  Engineer,  Mechanic,  Manufacturer  of  Engine  Work, 
Naval  Architect,  Miner,  and  Millwright.  By  Oliver  Byrne. 
1  vol.  8 vo.,  nearly  600  pages $4.50 

The  principal  objects  of  this  work  are  :  to  establish  model  calculations  to 
guide  practical  men  and  students ;  to  illustrate  every  practical  rule  and 
principle  by  numerical  calculations,  systematically  arranged  ;  to  give  infor- 
mation and  data  indispensable  to  those  for  whom  it  is  intended,  thus  sur- 
passing in  value  any  other  book  of  its  character ;  to  economize  the  labo  •  of 
the  practical  man,  and  to  render  his  every-day  calculations  easy  and  com- 
prehensive. It  will  be  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  complete  and  valuable 
practical  books  ever  published. 

Cabinet-maker's  and  Upholsterer's  Compan- 
ion. 

Comprising  the  Eudiments  and  Principles  of  Cabinet-making 
and  Upholstery,  with  Familiar  Instructions,  illustrated  by 
Examples  for  attaining  a  proficiency  in  the  Art  of  Drawing, 
as  applicable  to  Cabinet-work;  the  processes  of  Veneering, 
Inlaying,  and  Buhl-work ;  the  Art  of  Dyeing  and  Staining 
Wood,  Bone,  Tortoise  Shell,  etc.  Directions  for  Lackering, 


PEACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Japanning,  and  Varnishing ;  to  make  French  Polish ;  to  pre- 
pare the  best  Glues,  Cements  and  Compositions,  and  a  num- 
ber of  Receipts  particularly  useful  for  workmen  generally. 
By  J.  Stokes.  In  one  vol.,  12mo.  With  Illustrations.  ..$1.25 

Calvert.  On  Improvements  and  Progress  in 
Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing  since  1851. 

Illustrated  with  Numerous  Specimens  of  Printed  and  Dyed 
Fabrics.  By  Dr.  F.  Grace  Calvert,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  C.  S.  A 
Lecture  delivered  before  the  Society  of  Arts.  Revised  and 
enlarged  by  the  author.  (Nearly  Ready.) 

The  Works  of  Henry  C.  Carey: 

CONTRACTION  OR  EXPANSION?  REPUDIATION 
OR  RESUMPTION?  Letters  to  Hon.  Hugh  McCulloch. 
8vo 35 

FINANCIAL  CRISES,  their  Causes  and  Effects.  8vo. 
paper 25 

FRENCH  AND  AMERICAN  TARIFFS :  Compared  in  a 
Series  of  Letters  addressed  to  Mons.  M.  Chevalier.  8vo. 
paper 50 

HARMONY  OF  INTERESTS  :  Agricultural,  Manufacturing, 

and  Commercial.   8vo.,  paper $1.00 

Do.  do.        cloth 1.50 

LETTERS  TO  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES.  Paper 75 

MANUAL^)F  SOCIAL  SCIENCE.  Condensed  from  Ca 
rey's  "  J^hciples  of  Social  Science."  By  Kate  McKean. 
1  vol.,  12mo $2.25 

The  Text-Book  of  the  Universities  of  Berlin  (Prussia),  Pennsylvania, 
and  Michigan,  and  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton. 

MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS  :  comprising  "  Harmony  of  In 
terests,"  "  Money,"  "  Letters  to  the  President,"  "  French 
and  American  Tariffs,"  "  Financial  Crises,"  "  The  Way  to 
Outdo  England  without  Fighting  Her,"  "  Resources  of  the 
Union,"  "The  Public  Debt,"  "Contraction  or  Expansion?" 
etc.,  etc.  1  vol.  8vo.,  cloth $3.50 

MONEY :  A  LECTURE  before  the  N.  Y.  Geographical  and 
Statistical  Society.  8vo.,  paper 25 

PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE     8vo $2.50 

PRINCIPLES  OF  SOCIAL  SCIENCE.  3  volumes.  8vo., 
cloth $10.00 

CONTENTS.— Volume  I :  Of  Science  and  its  Methods  $  Of  Man,  the  Subject 
of  Social  Science  ;   Of  Increase  in  thfl  Numbers  of  Mankind ;    Of  the  Occu- 
pation of  the  Earth;  Of  Value ;  Of  Wealth ;  Of  the  Formation  of  Society  ; 
8 


PUBLISHED    BY   HENRY    CAREY   BAIRD. 

Of  Appropriation  ;  Of  Changes  of  Matter  in  Place ;  Of  Mechanical  and 
Chemical  Changes  in  the  Forms  of  Matter.  Volume  II:  Of  Vital  Changes 
in  the  Form  of  Matter  ;  Of  the  Instrument  of  Association.  Volume  III :  Of 
Production  and  Consumption ;  Of  Accumulation ;  Of  Circulation ;  Of  Dis- 
tribution ;  Of  Concentration  and  Centralization  ;  Of  Competition  ;  Of  Popu- 
"ation ;  Of  Food  and  Population ;  Of  Colonization ;  Of  the  Malthusian 
Theory  ;  Of  Commerce  ;  Of  the  Societary  Organization ;  Of  Social  Science. 

THE  PUBLIC  DEBT,  LOCAL  AND  NATIONAL.  How 
to  provide  for  its  discharge  while  lessening  the  burden  of 
Taxation.  Letter  to  David  A.  Wells,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Kevenue 
Commission.  8vo.,  paper 25 

"HE  EESOUECES  OF  THE  UNION.  A  Lecture  read, 
Dec.  1865,  before  the  American  Geographical  and  Statistical 
Society,  N.  Y.,  and  before  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Social  Science,  Boston 25 

"tTE  SLAVE-TRADE,  DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN: 
Why  it  Exis-ts,  and  How  it  may  be  Extinguished.  12mo. 

cloth $1.50 

VHE  WAY  TO  OUTDO  ENGLAND  WITHOUT  FIGHT- 
iNG  HER.  LETTERS  TO  THE  HON.  SCHUYLER 
COLFAX,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  United 
States,  on  "The  Paper  Question,"  "The  Farmer's  Ques- 
tion," "  The  Iron  Question,"  "  The  Railroad  Question,"  and 
the  "  Currency  Question."  8vo.,  paper 75 

Campin.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Mechan- 
ical Engineering: 

Comprising  Metallurgy,  Moulding,  Casting,  Forging,  Tools, 
Workshop  Machinery,  Mechanical  Manipulation,  Manufac- 
ture of  Steaxn-engines,  etc.,  etc.  With  an  Appendix  on  the 
Analysis  of  Iron  and  Iron  Ores.  By  Francis  Campin,  C.  E. 
To  which  are  added,  Observations  on  the  Construction  of 
Steam  Boilers  and  remarks  upon  Furnaces  used  for  Smoke 
Prevention;  with  a  Chapter  on  Explosions.  By  R.  Arm- 
strong, C.  E.,  and  John  Bourne.  Rules  for  Calculating  the 
Change  Wheels  for  Screws  on  a  Turning  Lathe,  and  for  » 
Wheel-cutting  Machine.  By  J.  La  Nicca.  Management  of 
Steel,  including  Forging,  Hardening,  Tempering,  Annealing, 
Shrinking,  and  Expansion.  And  the  Case-hardening  of  Iron. 
By  G.  Ede.  8vo.  Illustrated  with  29  plates  and  100  wood 

engravings $6.00 

CONTENTS.— Introduction— On  Metallurgy;  On  Forging  Iron:  On  Moulding 
and  Casting;  On  Cutting  Tools;  On  Workshop  Machinery;  On  Manipulation  ; 
On  the  Pnysical  Basis  of  the  Steam-engine  ;  On  the  Principles  of  Mechanical 
Construction ;  On  the  General  Arrangement  of  the  Steam-engine ;  On  the 
General  Principles  of  Steam  Boilers  ;  Preliminary  considerations  on  the 
Applicability  of  various  kinds  of  Steam-engines  to  various  purposes  ;  On 
the  details  of  Steam-engines ;  On  Pumps  and  Valves ;  On  Steam  Boilers  ; 
On  Propellers  ;  On  various  applications  of  Steam-power  and  Apparatus 
connected  therewith ;  On  Pumping  Engines ;  On  Rotative  Engines ;  On 
Marine  Engines ;  On  Locomotive  Engines ;  On  Road  Locomotives ;  On 
Steam  Fire  Engines ;  On  Boilers  generally,  and  a  Radical  Reform  in  those 


PBACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

for  Marine  purposes  suggested ;  Smoke  Prevention  and  its  fallacies  ;  Re- 
marks  on  Smoke-burning,  by  John  Bourne;  Explosions:  an  investigation 
into  some  of  the  causes  producing  them,  and  into  the  deterioration  of  Boil- 
ers generally  ;  Rules  for  Calculating  the  Change  Wheels  for  Screws  on  a 
Turning  Lathe,  and  for  a  Wheel-cutting  Machine ;  Explanation  of  the 
Methods  of  Calculating  Screw  Threads  ;  The  Management  of  Steel. 

APPENDIX.— The  Analysis  of  Iron  and  Iron  Ores. 

GLOSSARY. — INDEX. 

Capron  de  Dole.  Dussauce.  Blues  and  Car- 
mines of  Indigo. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Fabrication  of  every  Commer- 
cial Product  derived  from  Indigo.  By  Felicien  Capron  de 
Dole.  Translated,  with  important  additions,  by  Professor  H, 
Dussauce.  12mo .*. $2.50 

Clough.  The  Contractor's  Manual  and  Build- 
er's Price-Book : 

Designed  to  elucidate  the  method  of  ascertaining,  correctly, 
the  Value  and  Quantity  of  every  description  }f  Work  and 
Materials,  used  in  the  Art  of  Building,  fron  their  Prime  Cost 
in  any  part  of  the  United  States,  collected  from  extensive 
experience  and  observation  in  Budding  and  Designing ;  to 
which  are  added  a  large  variety  of  Tables,  Memoranda,  etc., 
indispensable  to  all  engaged  or  concerned  in  erecting  buildings 
of  any  kind.  By  A.  B.  Clough,  Architect,  24mo.,  cloth. .  .75 

Colburn.    The  Locomotive  Engine: 

Including  a  Description  of  its  Structure,  Rules  for  Estima- 
ting its  Capabilities,  and  Practical  Observations  on  its  Con- 
struction and  Management.  By  Zerah  Colburn.  Illus- 
trated. A  new  edition.  12mo $1.25 

Daguerreotypist  and  Photographer's  Com- 
panion. 

12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Distiller.    (The  Complete  Practical). 

By  M.  Lafayette  Byrn,  M.  D.  With  Illust'ns.  12mo.. .  .$1.50 

Duncan.    Practical  Surveyor's  Guide. 

By  Andrew  Duncan.     Illustrated.     12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Dussauce.  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Fabri- 
cation of  Matches,  Gun  Cotton,  and  Fulmi- 
nating Powders. 

By  Professor  H.  Dussauce.     12mo $3.00 

CONTENTS.— Phosphorus— History  of  Phosphorus  ;' Physical  Properties; 
Chemical  Properties ;  Natural  State;  Preparation  of  White  Phosphorus  j 
Amorphous  Phosphorus,  and  Bonoxide  of  Lead.  •  Matches — Preparation  oJ 

10 


PUBLISHED    BY    HENRY    CAREY    BAIRD. 

t 

Wooden  Matches  ;  Matches  inflammahle  by  rubbing,  without  noise  ;  Com- 
mon Lucifer  Matches  ;  Matches  without  Phosphorus ;  Candle  Matches : 
Matches  with  Amorphous  Phosphorus ;  Matches  and  Rubbers  without 
Phosphorus.  Gun  Cotton — Properties  ;  Preparation  ;  Paper  Powder  ;  use  of 
Cotton  and  Paper  Powders  for  Fulminating  Primers,  etc.  ;  Preparation  of 
Fulminating  Primers,  etc.,  etc. 

Dussauce.  A  New  and  Complete  Treatise  on 
the  Arts  of  Tanning,  Currying,  and  Leather 
Dressing: 

Comprising  all  the  Discoveries  and  Improvements  made  in 
France,  Great  Britain,  and  the  United  States.  Edited  from 
Notes  and  Documents  of  Messrs.  Sallerou,  Grouvelle,  Duval, 
Dessables,  Labarraque,  Payen,  Rene,  De  Fontenelle,  Mala- 
peyre,  etc.,  etc.  By  Prof.  H.  Dussauce,  Chemist.  Illus- 
trated by  212  wood  engravings.  8vo $10.00 

Dussauce.  Treatise  on  the  Coloring  Matters 
Derived  from  Coal  Tar : 

Their  Practical  Application  in  Dyeing  Cotton,  Wool,  and 
Silk ;  the  Principles  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing  and  of  the  Dis- 
tillation of  Coal  Tar,  with  a  Description  of  the  most  Import- 
ant New  Dyes  now  in  use.  By  Professor  H.  Dussauce, 
Chemist.  12mo $2.50 

Dyer  and  Color-maker's  Companion: 

Containing  upwards  of  two  hundred  Receipts  for  making 
Colors,  on  the  most  approved  principles,  for  all  the  various 
styles  and  fabrics  now  in  existence  ;  with  the  Scouring  Pro- 
cess, and  plain  Directions  for  Preparing,  Washing-off,  and 
Finishing  the  Goods.  In  one  vol.,  12mo $1.25 

Easton.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Street  or 
Horse-power  Railways : 

Their  Location,  Construction,  and  Management ;  with  gen- 
eral Plans  and  Rules  for  their  Organization  and  Operation ; 
together  with  Examinations  as  to  their  Comparative  Advan- 
tages over  the  Omnibus  System,  and  Inquiries  as  to  their 
Value  for  Investment ;  including  Copies  of  Municipal  Ordi- 
nances relating  thereto.  By  Alexander  Easton,  C.  E.  Il- 
lustrated by  23  plates.  8 vo.  cloth $2.00 

Engineer's  Handy-Book: 

Containing  a  Series  of  Useful  Calculations  for  Engineers, 
Tool-makers,  Millwrights,  Draughtsmen,  Foremen,  and  Me- 
chanics generally.  (In  Press.) 

Erni.    Coal  Oil  and  Petroleum : 

Their  Origin,  History,  Geology,  and  Chemistry ;  with  a  view 
of  their  importance  in  their  bearing  on  National  Industry. 

11 


.          PBACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

By  Dr.  Henri  Erni,  Chief  Chemist,  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. 12mo $2.50 

Erni.    The  Theoretical  and  Practical  Chem- 
istry of  Fermentation: 

Comprising  the  Chemistry  of  Wine,  Beer,  Distilling  of  Li- 
quors ;  with  the  practical  methods  of  their  Chemical  exam- 
ination, preservation,  and  improvement— such  as  Gallizing  of 
Wines.  With  an  Appendix,  containing  well-tested  Practical 
Kules  and  Keceipts  for  the  manufacture,  etc.,  of  all  kinds  of 
Alcoholic  Liquors.  By  Henri  Erni,  Chief  Chemist,  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  (In  Press.) 

Pairbairn.    On  Machinery  of  Transmission. 

By  William  Fairbairn,  C.  E.,  LL.D.,  etc.  Illustrated  by 
numerous  engravings.  (In  Press.) 

CONTENTS.— On  Wheels  and  Pullies ;  Wrapping  Connectors ;  Toothed 
Wheels  ;  Spur  Gearing ;  Pitch  of  Wheels  ;  Teeth  of  Wheels  ;  Bevel  Wheels  ; 
Skew  Bevels  ;  The  Worm  and  Wheel ;  Strength  of  the  Teeth  of  Wheels  ;  ON 
THE  STRENGTH  AND  PROPORTIONS  OF  SHAFTS  ;  Material  of  which  Shafting 
is  Constructed  ;  Transverse  Strain  ;  Torsion  ;  Velocity  of  Shafts  ;  On  Jour- 
nals ;  Friction  ;  Lubrication ;  ON  COUPLINGS  FOR  SHAFTS  AND  ENGAGING 
AND  DISENGAGING  GEAR  ;  Couplings  ;  Disengaging  and  Re-engaging  Gear ; 
Hangers  ;  Plummer  Blocks,  etc.,  for  carrying  Shafting ;  Main  Shafts. 

Pairbairn.     Useful    Information  for  Engi- 
neers. 

By  William  Fairbairn.     (In  Press.) 

Kobell.    Erni.    Mineralogy  Simplified : 

A  short  method  of  Determining  and  Classifying  Minerals,  by 
means  of  simple  Chemical  Experiments  in  the  Wet  Way. 
Translated  from  the  last  German  edition  of  F.  Yon  Kobell, 
with  additions,  by  Henri  Erni,  M.  D.,  Chief  Chemist,  Depart- 
partment  of  Agriculture,  author  of  "  Coal  Oil  and  Petro- 
leum." In  one  volume,  12mo $2.50 

Fisher's  Photogenic  Manipulation. 

16mo.,  cloth 62 

French  Dyer,  (The) : 

Comprising  the  Art  of  Dyeing  in  Woollen,  Silk,  Cotton,  etc., 
etc.  By  M.  M.  Kiffault,  Yernaud,  De  Fontenelle,  Thillaye, 
and  Mallepeyre.  (In  Press.) 

Gilbart.    A  Practical  Treatise  on  Banking. 

By  James  William  Gilbart,  F.  R.  S.  A  new  enlarged  and 
improved  edition.  Edited  by  J.  Smith  Homans,  editor  of 
"Banker's  Magazine."  To  which  is  added  "Money,"  by 

H.  C.  Carey.     Svo $3.50 

12 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

Gregory's  Mathematics  for  Practical  Men ; 

Adapted  to  the  Pursuits  of  Surveyors,  Architects,  Mechan- 
ics, and  Civil  Engineers.  8vo.,  plates,  cloth $2.50 

Gas  and  Ventilation. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Gas  and  Yentilation.  By  E.  E.  Per- 
kins. 12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Griswold.    Railroad  Engineer's  Pocket  Com- 
panion for  the  Field. 

By  W.  Griswold.     12mo.,  tucks $1.25 

Hartmann.    The  Practical  Iron  Manufactu- 
rer's Vade-mecum. 

From  the  German  of  Dr.  Carl  Hartmann.  Illustrated.  (In 
Press.) 

Hay.    The  Interior  Decorator: 

The  Laws  of  Harmonious  Coloring  adapted  to  Interior  De- 
corations :  with  a  Practical  Treatise  on  House-Painting.  By 
D.  R.  Hay,  House-Painter  and  Decorater.  Illustrated  by  a 
Diagram  of  the  Primary,  Secondary,  and  Tertiary  Colors. 
12mo.  (In  Press.) 

Inventor's  Guide: 

Patent  Office  and  Patent  Laws ;  or,  a  Guide  to  Inventors, 
and  a  Book  of  Reference  for  Judges,  Lawyers,  Magistrates, 
and  others.  By  J.  G.  Moore.  12rno.,  cloth $1.25 

Jervis.    Railway  Property. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Construction  and  Management  of  Rail- 
ways ;  designed  to  afford  useful  knowledge,  in  the  popular 
style,  to  the  holders  of  this  class  of  property;  as  well  as 
Railway  Managers,  Officers,  and  Agents.  By  John  B.  Jervis, 
late  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  Croton 
Aqueduct,  etc.  One  volume,  12mo.,  cloth $2.00 

CONTENTS. — Preface — Introduction.      Construction.  —  Introductory  :    Land 
and  Land  Damages ;  Location  of   Line ;    Method  of   Business ;    Grading  ^ 
Bridges  and  Culverts  ;  Road  Crossings;  Ballasting  Track  ;    Cross  Sleepers  ;  • 
Chairs  and  Spikes  ;   Rails  ;    Station  Buildings  ;   Locomotives,  Coaches  and 
Cars.     Operating. — Introductory :    Freight ;    Passengers  ;    Engine    Drivers 
Repairs  to  Track  ;  Repairs  of  Machinery  ;  Civil  Engineer  ;  Superintendent ; 
Supplies  of     Material ;     Receipts ;     Disbursements ;    Statistics ;    Running 
Trains  ;  Competition  ;  Financial  Management ;  General  Remarks. 

Johnson.   A  Report  to  the  Navy  Department 
of  the  United  States  on  American  Coals, 

Applicable  to  Steam  Navigation,  and  to  other  purposes. 
By  Walter  R.  Johnson.  With  numerous  illustrations. 

607  pp.    8vo.,  half  morocco $6.00 

13 


f 
PBACTICAI    AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Johnson.  The  Coal  Trade  of  British  America : 

With  Researches  on  the  Characters  and  Practical  Values  of 
American  and  Foreign  Coals.  By  Walter  R.  Johnson,  Civil 
and  Mining  Engineer  and  Chemist.  8vo $2.00 

23=  These  important  volumes  of  Prof.  Johnson,  now  becoming  scarce, 
contain  the  results  of  the  experiments  made  for  the  Navy  Department,  upon 
which  their  Coal  contracts  are  at  present  based. 

Johnston.     Instructions  for  the  Analysis  of 
Soils,  Limestones,  and  Manures. 

By  J.  F.  W.  Johnston.     12mo 38 

Keene.    A  Hand-book  of  Practical  Gauging, 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners  :  tc  which  is  added  a  Chapter  on 
Distillation,  describing  the  process  in  operation  at  the  Cus- 
torn-House  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of  Wines.  By 
James  B.  Keene,  of  H.  M.  Customs.  (In  Press.) 

Kentish.     A  Treatise  on  a  Box  of  Instru- 
ments, 

And  the  Slide  Rule ;  with  the  Theory  of  Trigonometry  and 
Logarithms,  including  Practical  Geometry,  Surveying.  Meas- 
uring of  Timber,  Cask  and  Malt  Gauging,  Heights  and  Dis- 
tances* By  Thomas  Kentish.  In  one  volume,  12mo..  .$1.25 

Larkin.   The  Practical  Brass  and  Iron  Found- 
er's Guide: 

A  Concise  Treatise  on  Brass  Founding,  Moulding,  the  Metals 
arid  their  Alloys,  etc. :  to  which  are  added  Recent  Improve- 
ments in  the  Manufacture  of  Iron,  Steel  by  the  Bessemer 
Process,  etc.,  etc.  By  James  Larkin,  late  Conductor  of  the 
Brass  Foundry  Department  in  Reaney,  Neafie  &  Co.'s  Penn 
Works,  Philadelphia.  Fifth  edition,  revised,  with  Extensive 
Additions.  In  one  volume,  12mo $2.25 

Lieber.    Assayer's  Guide; 

Or,  Practical  Directions  to  Assayers,  Miners,  and  Smelters. 
By  Oscar  M.  Lieber.  12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Love.    The  Art  of  Dyeing,  Cleaning,  Scour- 
ing, and  Finishing, 

On  the  Most  Approved  English  and  French  Methods  :  being 
Practical  Instructions  in  Dyeing  Silks,  Woollens,  and  Cottons, 
Feathers,  Chips,  Straw,  etc. ;  Scouring  and  Cleaning  Bed 
and  Window  Curtains,  Carpets,  Rugs,  etc. ;  French  and  Eng- 
lish Cleaning,  any  Color  or  Fabric  of  Silk,  Satin,  or  Damask. 
By  Thomas  Love,  a  working  Dyer  and  Scourer.  In  1  vol.. 

12ino $3.00 

14 


PUBLISHED    BY   HENRY    CAREY    BAIRD. 

Lowig.    Principles  of  Organic  and  Physion>- 
gical  Chemistry. 

By  Dr.  Carl  Lowig.  Translated  by  Daniel  Breed,  M.  D. 
8vo.,  sheep *. $3.50 

Main  and  Brown.   The  Marine  Steam-engine. 

By  Thomas  J.  Main,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Royal  Naval 
College,  and  Thomas  Brown,  Chief  Engineer,  R.  N.  Illus- 
trated by  engravings  and  wood-cuts.  8vo.,  cloth $5.00 

mg"  THE  TEXT  BOOK  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVAL  ACADEMY. 

CONTENTS. — Introductory  Chapter — The  Boiler  ;  The  Engine ;  Getting  up 
the  Steam  ;  Duties  to  Machinery  when  under  Steam  ;  Duties  to  Machinery 
during  an  Action  or  after  an  Accident ;  Duties  to  Engine,  etc.,  on  arriving 
in  Harbor.  Miscellaneous.  Appendix. 

Main  and  Brown.  Questions  on  Subjects  Con- 
nected with  the  Marine  Steam-engine, 

And  Examination  Papers ;  with  hints  for  their  Solution. 
By  Thomas  J.  Main,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Royal 
Naval  College,  and  Thomas  Brown,  Chief  Engineer.  R.  N. 
12mo.,  cloth ..$1.50 

Main  and  Brown.    The  Indicator  and  Dyna- 
mometer, 

With  their  Practical  Applications  to  the  Steam-engine 
By  Thomas  J.  Main  and  Thomas  Brown.  With  Illus- 
trations  $1.50 

Makins.    A  Manual  of  Metallurgy, 

More  particularly  of  the  Precious  Metals,  including  the 
Methods  of  Assaying  them.  Illustrated  by  upwards  of  50 
engravings.  By  George  Hogarth  Makins,  M.  R.  C.  S.,  F.  C.  S., 
one  of  the  Assayers  to  the  Bank  of  England ;  Assayer  to 
the  Anglo-Mexican  Mints ;  and  Lecturer  upon  Metallurgy 
at  the  Dental  Hospital,  London.  In  one  vol.,  12mo..  .$3.50 

CONTENTS. — General  Properties  of  the  Metals ;  General  View  of  the  Com- 
bining Properties  of  the  Metals ;  Combination  of  Metals  with  the  Non- 
Metallic  Elements ;  Of  Metallic  Salts  ;  Of  Heating  Apparatus,  Furnaces, 
etc. ;  Of  Fuels  Applicable  to  Metallurgic  Operations  ;  Metals  of  the  First 
Class ;  Metals  ol  the  Second  Class ;  The  Principles  of  Electro-Metal- 
lurgy. 

Marble  Worker's  Manual: 

Containing  Practical  Information  respecting  Marbles  in 
general,  their  Cutting,  Working,  and  Polishing  ;  Veneering, 

etc.,  etc.     12mo.,  cloth  , $1.50 

15 


PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Molesworth.  Pocket-book  of  Useful  For- 
mulae and  Memoranda  for  Civil  and  Me- 
chanical Engineers. 

By  Guilford  L.  Molesworth,  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
'Civil  Engineers,  Chief  Resident  Engineer  of  the  Ceylon 
Railway.  From  the  Tenth  London  edition $2.00 

CONTENTS.— Civil  Engineering— Surveying,  Levelling,  Setting  Out,  etc. ; 
Earthwork,  Brickwork,  Masonry,  Arches,  etc. ;  Beams,  Girders,  Bridges, 
etc  ;  Roofs,  Floors,  Columns,  Walls,  etc. ;  Railways,  Roads,  Canals,  Riv- 
ers, Docks,  etc. ;  Water-works,  Sewers,  Gas-works,  Drainage,  etc.  ;  Warm- 
ing. Ventilation,  Light,  Sound,  Heat,  etc. 

Mechanical  Engineering. — Gravity,  Mechanical  Centres  and  Powers:  Mill- 
work,  Teeth  of  Wheels,  Shafting,  Belting,  etc. ;  Alloys,  Solders,  and  Work- 
Bhop  Recipes  ;  Steam  Boilers,  and  Steam-engines  ;  Water-wheels,  Turbines, 
etc.,  and  Windmills  ;  Paddle  and  Screw  Steamers  ;  Miscellaneous  Machinery. 

Weights  and  Measures,  English  and  Foreign  ;  Logarithms  of  Numbers  ; 
Triangles,  Trigonometry,  and  Tables  of  Sines,  etc.  ;  Properties  of  Ellipse,  Pa- 
rabola, Circle,  etc. ;  Mensuration  of  Surfaces  and  Solids  ;  Tables  of  Arena, 
and  Circumferences  of  Circles ;  Weights  and  Properties  of  Materials ; 
Squares,  Cubes,  Powers,  Roots,  and  Reciprocals  of  Numbers;  Engineer- 
ing Memoranda  and  Tables  ;  Supplement  by  J.  T.  Hurst,  C.  E.,  contain- 
ing Additional  Engineering  Memoranda  and  Tables :  Tables  by  Lewis 
Olrick,  C.  E. 

Miles.    A  Plain  Treatise  on  Horse-shoeing. 

With  illustrations.  By  William  Miles,  author  of  the  "  Horse's 
Foot" $1.00 

Morfit.    A  Treatise  on  Chemistry, 

Applied  to  the  Manufacture  of  Soap  and  Candles :  being  a 
Thorough  Exposition  in  all  their  Minutiae  of  the  Principles 
and  Practice  of  the  Trade,  based  upon  the  most  recent  Dis- 
coveries in  Science  and  Art.  By  Campbell  Morfit,  Professor 
of  Analytical  and  Applied  Chemistry  in  the  University 
of  Maryland.  A  new  and  improved  edition.  Illustrated 
with  260  engravings  on  wood.  Complete  in  1  volume,  large 
8vo $20.00 

Mortimer.    The  Pyrotechnist's  Companion : 

By  G.  W.  Mortimer.     Illustrated.     12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

Napier.    Manual  of  Electro-Metallurgy: 

Including  the  Application  of  the  Art  to  Manufacturing 
Processes.  By  James  Napier.  From  the  second  London 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  Illustrated  by  engravings. 
In  one  volume,  12mo $1.50 

Napier.    Chemistry  Applied  to  Dyeing. 

By  James  Napier,  F.  C.  S.     Illustrated.     12mo $3.00 

16 


PUBLISHED    BY    HENRY    CAREY    BAIRD. 

Nicholson.  Bopkbinding :  A  Manual  of  the 
Art  of  Bookbinding : 

Containing  full  Instructions  in  the  different  Branches  of 
Forwarding-,  Gilding,  and  Finishing.  Also,'  the  Art  of  Mar- 
bling Book-edges  and  Paper.  By  James  B.  Nicholson.  Il- 
lustrated. 12mo..  cloth $2.25 

CONTENTS.— Sketch  of  the  Progress  of  Bookbinding,  Sheet-work,  Forward- 
ing the  Edges,  Marbling,  Gilding  the  Edges,  Covering,  Half  Binding,  Blank 
Binding,  Boarding,  Cloth-work,  Ornamental  Art,  Finishing,  Taste  and  De- 
sign, Styles,  Gilding,  Illuminated  Binding,  Blind  Tooling,  Antique,  Color- 
ing, Marbling,  Uniform  Colors,  Gold  Marbling,  Landscapes,  etc. ;  Inlaid  Or- 
naments, Harmony  of  Colors,  Pasting  Down,  etc.  ;  Stamp  or  Press-work, 
Restoring  the  Bindings  of  Old  £ooks,  Supplying  imperfections  in  Old  Books, 
Hints  to  Book  Collectors,  Technical  Lessons. 

Norris.  A  Hand-book  for  Locomotive  En- 
gineers and  Machinists. 

•     By  Septimus  Norris,  C.  E.     New  edition,  illustrated,  12mo., 
cloth $2.00 

Nystrom.  On  Technological  Education  and 
the  Construction  of  Ships  and  Screw  Pro- 
pellers for  Naval  and  Marine  Engineers. 

By  John  W.  Nystrom,  late  Acting  Chief  Engineer  U.  S.  N. 
Second  edition,  revised  with  additional  matter.  Illustrated 
by  7  engravings.  12mo $2.50 

CONTENTS. — On  Technological  Education  ;  The  knowledge  of  Steam  En- 
gineering behind  the  knowledge  of  Science ;  Failure  of  Steamers  for  a  want 
of  Applied  Science ;  Fresh  water  Condensers,  and  combustion  of  Fuel  ; 
Knowledge  of  Steamship  Performance;  Expansion  experiments  made  by 
the  Navy  Department ;  Natural  effect  of  Steam  or  maximum  work  per  unit 
of  Heat ;  Natural  effect  of  Steam-engines  ;  Nystrom's  Pocket-book  ;  Reform 
wanted  in  Scientific  Books ;  America  has  taken  the  lead  in  Popular  Edu- 
cation ;  Technological  Institutions  wanted ;  The  National  Academy  of 
Sciences ;  Object  of  Technological  Institutions  ;  Steam-engineering  and 
Ship-building ;  Necessity  of  complete  Drawings  before  the  building  of 
Steamers  is  commenced  ;  America  has  taken  the  lead  in  the  new  Naval 
Tactics ;  The  Naval  Academy,  at  Annapolis,  not  proper  for  a  School  of 
Steam-engineering  ;  Want  of  applied  Science  in  our  Workshops  ;  Locomo- 
tive Engineering;  Communication  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  on  the 
Science  of  Ship-building  ;  Ship-builders  consider  their  Art  a  Craft ;  Ship- 
builders' jealousy ;  Ship-building  developed  to  the  condition  of  a  Science ; 
Memorandum  ;  Chief  Engineer  Isherwood  does  not  approve  the  Parabolic 
Construction  of  Ships  ;  On  the  Parabolic  Construction  of  Ships  ;  Applica- 
tion of  the  Parabolic  Construction  of  Ships  ;  Recording  Formulas  ;  Record- 
ing Tables  ;  The  labor  of  calculating  the  Ship-building  Tables  ;  Mr.  W.  L. 
Hanscom,  Naval  Constructor,  on  the  Parabolic  Method ;  Mr.  J.  Vaughan 
Merrick  on  the  Parabolic  Construction ;  Resignation,  by  the  Author,  as 
Acting  Chief  Engineer  in  the  Navy  ;  Memorandum ;  The  Science  of  Dyna- 
mics in  a  confused  condition  ;  Illustrations  required  in  Dynamics ;  Mr. 
Isherwood  declines  having  the  subject  of  Dynamics  cleared  up  ;  The  sub» 
ject  of  Dynamics  submitted  to  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  On  the 
elements  of  Dynamics  ;  force,  power,  and  work,  defined  ;  Work,  a  trinity  of 
Physical  Elements ;  Discussion  with  Naval  Engineers  on  the  subject  of 
Dynamics  ;  Questions  in  Dynamics  submitted  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  ; 
Vis-viva  ;  Unit  for  Power  ;  Unit  for  Work ;  Navy  Departmen  attciru>ti»«f 

r 


PRACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC    BOOKS, 


to  reorganize  the  Corps  of  Engineers  ;  Washington  Navy  Yard  ;  Engineer* 
In  the  Navy  Department ;  Captain  Fox  on  Engineering  and  the  Construc- 
tion of  Ships ;  Secrecy  respecting  Ships'  Drawings  ;  Steam  Boiler  Explo- 
sions; Review  of  Screw  Propellers;  To  Construct  a  Plain  Screw;  Pro- 
peller with  a  Compound  Expanding  Pitch;  Propeller  as  Constructed  by 
Chief  Engineer  Isherwood ;  Propeller  as  Constructed  from  Mr.  Isherwood's 
Drawings;  Centripetal  Propeller;  Centripetal  Propeller  with  Compound 
Expanding  Pitch  ;  The  Office  of  the  Coast  Survey  an  example  of  what 
the  Bureau  of  Steam-engineering  should  be;  The  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the 
Navy  a  Grand  Admiral ;  Constructions  ought  not  to  be  made  in  the  Navy 
Department:  The  office  of  the  Coast  Survey  and  the  Light-house  Board  na- 
turally belong  to  the  Navy. 

O'Neill.    Chemistry  of  Calico  Printing,  Dye- 
ing, and  Bleaching: 

Including  Silken,  Woollen,  and  Mixed  Goods  ;  Practical  and 
Theoretical.  By  Charles  O'Neill.  (In  Press.) 

O'Neill.    A  Dictionary  of  Calico  Printing  and 
Dyeing. 

By  Charles  O'Neill.     (In  Press.) 

Painter,  Gilder,  and  Varnisher's  Compan- 
ion. 

Containing  Rules  and  Regulations  in  every  thing  relating  to 
the  Arts  of  Painting,  Gilding,  Varnishing,  and  Glass  Stain- 
ing :  with  numerous  useful  and  valuable  Receipts  ;  Tests  for 
the  detection  of  Adulterations  in  Oils  and  Colors ;  and  a 
statement  of  the  Diseases  and  Accidents  to  which  Painters, 
Gilders,  and  Varnishers  are  particularly  liable,  with  the  sim- 
plest methods  of  Prevention  and  Remedy.  Eighth  edition. 
To  which  are  added  complete  Instructions  in  Graining,  Mar- 
bling, Sign  Writing,  in  Gilding  on  Glass.  12mo.,  cloth. $1.50 

Pallett.     The  Miller's,  Millwright's,  and  En- 
gineer's Guide. 

By  Henry  Pallett.    Illustrated.    In  1  vol.,  12mo $3.00 

CONTENTS. — Explanation  of  Characters  used :  Definitions  of  Words  used 
In  this  Work;  United  States  Weights  and  Measures;  Decimal  Fractions; 
On  the  Selection  of  Mill-stones;  On  the  Dressing  of  New  Mill-stones—mak- 
ing their  Faces  Straight,  and  ready  for  putting  in  the  Furrows  ;  Furrows  : 
the  manner  of  Laying  them  out :  their  Draft,  and  cutting  them  in :  Direc- 
tions for  laying  off  and  cutting  the  Holes  for  the  Balance  Ryne  and  Driver ; 
Directions  for  putting  in  the  Balance  Ryne  and  the  Boxes  for  the  Driver, 
and  making  them  fast;  Of  Setting  the  Bed  Stone,  and  fastening  the  Bush 
therein;  Directions  how  to  Bridge  or  Tram  the  Spindle;  Instructions  for 
Grinding  off"  the  Lumps  of  New  Stones,  Turning  the  Back  of  the  Running 
Stone,  Rounding  the  Eye  and  Balancing  the  Stone ;  Directions  for  Dressing 
and  Sharpening  Mill-stones  when  they  become  dull ;  Respecting  the  Irons 
of  the  Mill;  Description  of  Plate  4.  ShoAving  the  Principle  upon  which  the 
Mill-stones  work;  How  to  Fit  a  New  Back  on  a  Stone  that  has  been  Run- 
ning; Of  the  Elevator,  Conveyor,  and  Hopper  Boy:  Of  Bolting  Reels  and 
Cloths,  with  Directions  for  Bolting  and  Inspecting  Flour;  Directions  for 
Cleaning  Wheat;  Instructions  for  Grinding  Wheat:  Directions  for  Grind- 
jog  Wheat  with  Garlic  amongst  it,  and  for  Dressing  the  Stones  suitable 

18 


PUBLISHED    BY    HENRY    CAREY    BAIRD. 

thereto ;  Directions  how  to  put  the  Stones  in  Order  for  Grinding  Wheat 
that  has  Garlic  amon^it  it.  Directions  for  Grinding  Middlings,  and  how  to 
Prevent  the  Stones  from  Choking,  so  as  to  make  the  most  of  them;  Reels 
for  Bolting  the  Middlings  ;  Instructions  for  a  small  Mill,  Grinding  different 
kinds  of  Grain ;  Of  the  Manner  of  Packing  Flour ;  Table  Showing  the  num- 
ber of  Pounds  which  constitute  a  Bushel,  as  established  by  Law  in  the 
States  therein  named;  The  Duty  of  the  Miller;  Pearl  Barley  or  Pot  Barley; 
The  Art  of  Distillation :  Of  the  Importance  of  Draughting  and  Planning 
Mills  :  Cogs  :  the  best  time  for  Seasoning  and  Cutting  them;  The  Framing 
of  Mill- work:  Windmills;  A  Table  of  the  Velocity  of  Wind;  Instiuctiona 
for  Baking:  Receipt  for  making  Babbitt  Metal,  etc.;  Cement;  Solders; 
Table  Showing  the  Product  of  a  Bushel  of  Wheat  of  different  Weights  and 
Dualities,  as  ascertained  from  Experiments  in  Grinding  Parcels ;  Of  Saw- 
mills and  their  Management;  The  Circular  Saw ;  Rules  for  Calculating  the 
Speed  the  Stones  and  other  pieces  or  parts  of  the  Machinery  run  at ;  To  find 
the  Quantity,  in  Bushels,  a  Hopper  will  Contain;  Table  of  Dry  Measure; 
Spouts;  the  Necessity  of  making  them  Large;  To  lay  off  any  required 
Angle:  Of  Masonry;  of  Artificer's  Work;  Bricklayer's  Work;  Bricks  and 
Lathes — Dimensions ;  Timber  Measure ;  Table — Diameters  in  inches  of  Saw 
Logs  reduced  to  inch  board  measure;  Of  the  Wedge;  Of  Pumps;  The 
Screw;  Table  showing  the  power  of  Man  or  Horse  as  applied  to  Machinery ; 
Measure  of  Solidity ;  Rules  for  calculating  Liquids ;  A  Table  showing  the 
Capacity  of  Cisterns,  Wells,  etc.,  in  Ale  Gallons  and  Hogsheads,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  Diameters  and  Depths ;  Steel— Of  the  various  degrees  of  Heat 
required  in  the  Manufacture  of  Steel ;  Composition  for  Welding  Cast  Steel ; 
Directions  for  Making  aud  Sharpening  Mill  Picks;  A  Composition  for  Tem- 
pering Cast  Steel  Mill  Picks;  Governors  for  Flouring  Mills;.  The  Governor 
or  Regulator;  The  Pulley;  Of  the  Velocity  of  Wheels,  Pulleys,  Drums,  etc. ; 
On  Friction  :  Belting  Friction ;  Of  the  Strength  of  different  Bodies ;  Falling 
Bodies ;  Of  the  different  Gearings  for  propelling  Machinery ;  The  Crown  or 
Face  Gearing;  On  matching  Wheels  to  make  the  Cogs  wear  even  ;  On  Steam 
and  the  Steam-engine;  Of  Engines — their  Management,  etc. ;  Prevention  of 
Incrustation  in  Steam  Boilers;  Double  Engines ;  The  Fly-wheel;  Table  of 
Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles,  in  Feet,  suitable  for  Fly-wheels,  etc. ; 
To  calculate  the  effects  of  a  Lever  and  Weight  upon  the  Safety-valve  of  a 
Steam  Boiler,  etc. ;  Of  the  Slide  Valve ;  Boilers ;  Chimneys ;  Explosion  of 
Boilers;  On  the  Construction  of  Mill-dams :  Rock  Dam;  Frame  Dams;  Brush 
or  Log  Dam :  Gates  ;  Description  of  Water-wheels  ;  Of  Npn-elasticity  and 
Fluidity  in  Impinging  Bodies  ;  Motion  of  Overshot  Wheels  ;  The  Breast 
Wheel ;  Overshot  or  Breast  Wheels ;  Table  of  the  number  of  inches  of  water 
necessary  to  drive  one  run  of  Stones,  with  all  the  requisite  Machinery  for 
Grist  and  Saw-mills,  under  heads  of  water  from  four  to  thirty  feet ;  Table 
containing  the  weight  of  columns  of  water,  each  one  foot  in  length,  and 
of  various  diameters ;  The  Undershot  Wheel ;  Tub  Wheels ;  The  Flutter 
"Wheel ;  The  Laws  of  Motion  and  Rest ;  Power  of  Gravity,  Percussion,  or 
Impulse,  with  the  Reaction  Attachment;  Table  of  the  velocities  of  the 
Combination  Reaction  Water-wheel  per  minute,  from  heads  of  from  four 
to  thirty  feet;  Tables  to  reckon  the  Price  of  Wheat  from  Thirty  Cents  to 
Two  Dollars  per  Bushel. 

Pradal,  Malepeyre  and  Dussauce.    A  Com- 
plete Treatise  on  Perfumery: 

Containing  Notices  of  the  Eaw  Material  used  in  the  Art, 
and  the  best  Formulae.  According  to  the  most  approved 
methods  followed  in  France,  England,  and  the  United  States. 
By  M.'P.  Pradal,  Perfumer  Chemist,  and  M.  F.  Malepeyre. 
Translated  from  the  French,  with  extensive  additions,  by 
Professor  H.  Dussauce.  8vo $7.50 

CONTENTS.— Nature  of  the  Trade  of  the  Perfumer  ;  Raw  Material ;  Po- 
mades ;  Almond  Oils ;  Perfumed  Oils,  called  Huile  Antique ;  Powders ; 
Cosmetic  Preparation  for  the  Lips  and  Skin ;  Almond  Pastes  ;  Cosmetic 
Glovea  Paints  ;  Dentifrices  ;  Volatile  Oils  ;  Aromatic  Waters  ;  Spirituous 

19 


PBACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Odors  ;  Colors  ;  Infusions  ;  Tinctures  ;  Spirits  ;  Aromatic  Alcohols  ;  Fuming 
Pastils  ;  Cloves  ;  Sachets  ;  Cosmetics  ;  Cassolettes  ;  Toilet  Vinegars  ;  Phar- 
maceutical Preparations  made  by  the  Perfumer ;  Toilet  Soaps ;  Various 
Substances  and  Processes  belonging  to  the  Perfumer's  Trade. 

Proteaux.    Practical  Guide  for  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Paper  and  Boards. 

By  A.  Proteaux,  Civil  Engineer,  Graduate  of  the  School  of 
Arts  and  Manufactures,  and  Director  of  Thiers'  Paper-mill, 
Puy-de-D6me.  With  additions,  by  L.  S.  Le  Normand. 
Translated  from  the  French  with  Notes,  by  Horatio  Paine, 
A.  B.,  M.  D.  To  which  is  added  a  Chapter  on  the  Manufac- 
ture of  Paper  from  Wood  in  the  United  States,  by  Henry 
T.  Brown,  of  the  "  American  Artisan."  Illustrated  by  six 
plates,  containing  Drawings  of  Raw  Materials,  Machinery, 
Plans  of  Paper-mills,  etc.,  etc.  8vo $5.00 

CONTENTS. — Chapt.  I.  A  Glance  at  the  History  of  Paper-making.  Chapt.  II. 
Raw  Materials— Rags.  Chapt.  III.  Manufacture— Sorting  and  Cutting  ;  Dust- 
ing ;  Washing  and  Boiling;  Reduction  to  Half-stuff;  Drainage;  Bleaching; 
Composition  of  the  Pulp  ;  Refining  or  Beating ;  Sizing ;  Coloring  Matters; 
The  Work  of  the  Paper-machine  ;  Finishing.  Chapt.  IV.  Manufacture  of  Paper 
from  the  Vat.  or  by  Hand — Manufacture  of  Paper  by  hand  ;  Sizing ;  Finishing  ; 
Manufacture  of  Bank-note  Paper,  and  Water-mark  Paper  in  General ;  Com- 
parison between  Machine  and  Hand-made  Papers ;  Classification  of  Papei 
Chapt.  V.  Further  Remarks  on  Sizing— Of  the  Sizing-room  ;  Method  of  Ex- 
tracting Galatine  ;  Operation  of  Si/.ing  ;  Drying  after  Sizing  :  the  Dutcu 
method  preferable  to  the  French  ;  Some  important  Observations  upon  Sizing  ; 
Appendix  upon  Sizing  ;  Theories  of  Sizing  ;  Sizing  in  the  Pulp  ;  M.  Canson's 
method  of  Sizing  in  the  Pulp  ;  Comparison  of  the  Two  methods.  Chapt.  VI. 
Different  Substances  Suitable  for  Making  Paper — Straw  Paper  ;  Wood  Paper. 
Chapt.  VII.  Chemical  Analysis  of  Materials  employed  in  Paper-making — 
The  Waters  ;  Alkalimetrical  Test ;  Examination  of  Limes  ;  Chlorometric 
Tests  ;  Examination  of  Manganese  ;  Chlorometric  Degrees  of  Samples  of 
Manganese ;  Antichlorine  ;  Alums;  Kaolin:  Starch  ;  Coloring  Materials  ; 
Fuel;  Examination  of  Papers ;  Materials  of  a  Laboratory.  Chapt.  VIII. 
Working  Stock  of  a  Paper-mill— Motive  Power;  Rag  Cutters;  Dusters; 
Washing  Apparatus  ;  Boiling  Apparatus  ;  Washing  and  Beating-engines  ; 
Apparatus  for  Bleaching  and  Draining  the  Pulp  ;  Paper-machines  ;  Finish- 
ing-machines ;  General  Working  Stock  of  a  Paper-mill ;  General  Remarks 
upon  the  Establishment  of  a  Paper-mill ;  General  Remarks  in  reference  to 
Building ;  General  Considerations.  Chapt.  IX.  The  Manufacture  of  Paper 
from  Wood  in  the  United  States.  Chapt.  X.  Manufacture  of  Boards.  Chapt. 
XI.  Manufacture  of  Paper  in  China  and  Japan. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Regnault.    Elements  of  Chemistry. 

By  M.  Y.  Kegnault.  Translated  from  the  French,  by  T. 
Forrest  Betton,  M.D.,  and  edited,  with  notes,  by  James  C. 
Booth,  Melter  and  Eefiner  U.  S.  Mint,  and  Wm.  L.  Faber, 
Metallurgist  and  Mining  Engineer.  Illustrated  by  nearly 
700  wood  engravings.  Comprising  nearly  1,500  pages.  In 
two  volumes,  8vo.,  cloth $10  00 

AMONG  THE  CONTENTS  ARE — Volume  I. :  French  and  English  Weights,  etc. 
Introduction— Crystallography ;  Chemical  Nomenclature ;  Metalloids  ;  Oxy- 

fen  ;  Hydrogen  ;  Selenium ;  Tellurium ;  Chlorine  ;  Bromine  ;  Iodine  ;  Fluorine  : 
'hosphorus  ;  Arsenic  ;   Boren  ;    Silicum  ;    Carbon  ;    On  the  Equivalents  oi 
Metalloids.    Metals— Geology  ;  Physical  Properties  of  the  Metals  ;  Chemical 

20 


PUBLISHED  BY    HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

Properties  of  the  Metals.  On  Salts.  I.  Alkaline  Metals— Potassium ;  So- 
dium ;  Lithium  ;  Ammonia.  II.  A!  kalino- Earthy  Metals— Barium ;  Stron- 
tium ;  Calcium  ;  Magnesium.  III.  Earthy  Metals— Aluminum  ;  Glucinum  ; 
Zirconium;  Thorinum ;  Yttrium;  Erbium;  Terbium;  Cerium;  Lantha- 
num ;  Didymium.  Chemical  Arts  Dependent  on  the  Preceding  Bodies— Gun- 
powder ;  Lime  and  Mortar ;  Glass ;  Kinds  of  Glass ;  Imperfections  and 
Alterations  of  Glass ;  Pottery,  the  Paste  of  which  becomes  Compact  by 
Burning ;  Pottery,  the  Paste  of  which  remains  Porous  after  Burning ;  Or- 
naments and  Painting ;  Chemical  Analysis  of  Earthenware. 

Volume  II.  :  Preparation  of  Ores,  Manganese,  Iron  ;  Reduction  in  the 
Blast  Furnace  ;  Chromium  ;  Cobalt ;  Nickel ;  Zinc  ;  Cadmium  ;  Tin  ;  Tita- 
nium ;  Columbium;  Niobium;  Pelopium  ;  Ilmenium  ;  Lead,  Metallurgy  of ; 
Bismuth,  Metallurgy  of ;  Antimony,  Metallurgy  of ;  Uranium;  Tungsten; 
Molybdenum  ;  Vanadium  ;  Copper,  Metallurgy  of;  Mercury,  Metallurgy  of  • 
Silver,  Metallurgy  of ;  Gold,  Metallurgy  of ;  Platinum;  Osmium;  Iridium  ; 
Palladium;  Rhodium;  Ruthenium.  IV.  Organic  Chemistry— Introduction 
—Ultimate  Analysis  of  Organic  Substances  ;  Construction  of  a  Formula  ; 
Analysis  of  Gases  ;  Essential  Proximate  Principles  of  Plants  ;  Acids  Exist- 
ing in  Plants ;  Organic  Alkaloids ;  Neutral  Substances  in  Plants ;  Nitrils  ; 
Essential  Oils  ;  Products  of  Dry  Distillation  ;  Fats  ;  Organic  Coloring  Mat- 
ters ;  Action  of  Plants  on  the  Atmosphere ;  Animal  Chemistry  ;  Secre- 
tions ;  Excretions  ;  Technical  Organic  Chemistry  ;  Manufacture  of  Bread  ; 
Brewing  ;  Cider  and  Perry ;  Wine-making ;  Beet  Sugar ;  Cane  Sugar ;  Sugar- 
refining  ;  Manufacture  of  Bone  Black  ;  Soap-boiling ;  Principles  of  Dyeing ; 
Mordants  ;  Calico-printing ;  Tanning ;  Charring  Wood  and  Coal ;  Manufac- 
ture of  Illuminating  Gas. 

Sellers.    The  Color  Mixer: 

Containing  nearly  Four  Hundred  Eeceipts  for  Colors,  Pastes, 
Acids,  Pulps,  Blue  Vats,  Liquors,  etc.,  etc.,  for  Cotton  and 
Woollen  Goods :  including  the  celebrated  Barrow  Delaine 
Colors.  By  John  Sellers,  an  experienced  practical  work- 
man. In  one  volume,  1 2mo $2.50 

Shunk.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Railway 
Curves  and  Location,  for  Young  Engi- 
neers. 

By  Wm.  F.  Shunk,  Civil  Engineer.     12mo $1.50 

Smith.    The  Dyer's  Instructor: 

Comprising1  Practical  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Dyeing  Silk, 
Cotton,  Wool  and  Worsted,  and  Woollen  Goods :  containing 
nearly  800  Receipts.  To  which  is  added  a  Treatise  on  tne 
Art  of  Padding ;  and  the  Printing  of  Silk  Warps,  Skeins, 
and  Handkerchiefs,  and  the  various  Mordants  and  Colors  for 
the  different  styles  of  such  work.  By  David  Smith,  Pattern 
Dyer.  12mo.,  cloth $3.00 

53=*  This  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  book  of  PRACTICAL  RECEIPTS  FOR 
DYERS  ever  published  in  this  country— has  been  eminently  popular,  and  the 
third  edition  is  just  now  ready  for  delivery. 

Strength  and  other  Properties  of  Metals. 

Eeports  of  Experiments  on  the  Strength  and  other  Pro- 
pfcrties  of  Metals  for  Cannon.  With  a  Description  of  the 
Machines  for  testing  Metals,  a.iid  of  the  Classification  of 

21 


PKACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Cannon  in  service.  By  Officers  of  the  Ordnance  Department 
U.  S.  Army.  By  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  Illus- 
trated by  25  large  steel  plates.  In  1  vol.,  quarto $10.00 

g^=  The  best  treatise  on  cast-iron  extant. 

Tables  Showing    the    Weight    of    Round, 
Square,  and  Flat  Bar  Iron,  Steel,  etc., 

By  Measurement.     Cloth 63 

Taylor.    Statistics  of  Coal : 

Including  Mineral  Bituminous  Substances  employed  in  Arts 
and  Manufactures ;  with  their  Geographical,  Geological,  and 
Commercial  Distribution  and  amount  of  Production  and 
Consumption  on  the  American  Continent.  With  Incidental 
Statistics  of  the  Iron  Manufacture.  By  K.  C.  Taylor.  Second 
edition,  revised  by  S.  S.  Haldeman.  Illustrated  by  five  Maps 
and  many  Wood  engravings.  8vo.  cloth $6.00 

Templeton.    The  Practical  Examinator  on 
Steam  and  the  Steam-engine : 

With  Instructive  References  relative  thereto,  arranged  for 
the  use  of  Engineers,  Students,  and  others.  By  Wm.  Tem- 
pleton, Engineer.  12mo $1.25 

This  work  was  originally  written  for  the  author's  private  use.    He  was 

Erevailed  upon  by  various  Engineers,  who  had  seen  the  notes,  to  consent  to 
ts  publication,  from  their  eager  expression  of  belief  that  it  would  be 
equally  useful  to  them  as  it  had  been  to  himself. 

Turnbull.    The  Electro-Magnetic  Telegraph : 

With  an  Historical  Account  of  its  Eise,  Progress,  and  Pre- 
sent Condition.  Also,  Practical  Suggestions  in  regard  to 
Insulation  and  Protection  from  the  Effects  of  Lightning. 
Together  with  an  Appendix,  containing  several  important 
Telegraphic  Devices  and  Laws.  By  Lawrence  Turnbull, 
M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Technical  Chemistry  at  the  Franklin  In- 
stitute. Second  edition.  Revised  and  improved.  Illustrated 
by  numerous  engravings.  8vo $2.50 

Turner's  (The)  Companion: 

Containing  Instruction  in  Concentric,  Elliptic,  and  Eccentric 
Turning ;  also,  various  Steel  Plates  of  Chucks,  Tools,  and 
Instruments  ;  and  Directions  for  Using  the  Eccentric  Cutter, 
Drill,  Vertical  Cutter  and  Rest ;  with  Patterns  and  Instruc- 
tions for  working  them.  12mo.,  cloth $1.50 

Ulrich.    Dussauce.    A  Complete  Treatise  on 
the  Art  of  Dyeing  Cotton  and  Wool, 

As   practiced  in  Paris,  Rouen,  Mulhausen,  and  Germ%ny. 
From  the  French  of  M.  Louis  Ulrich,  a  Practical  Dyer  in 
22 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY   BAIRD. 


the  principal  Manufactories  of  Paris,  Rouen,  Mulhausen. 
etc.,  etc. ;  to  which  are  added  the  most  important  Receipts 
for  Dyeing  Wool,  as  practiced  in  the  Manufacture  ImpSriale 
des  Gobelins,  Paris.  By  Prof.  H.  Dussauce.  12mo. . .  $3.00 

Watson.  Modern  Practice  of  American  Ma- 
chinists and  Engineers : 

Including  the  Construction,  Application  and  Use  of  Drills, 
Lathe  Tools,  Cutters  for  Boring  Cylinders  and  Hollow 
Ware  generally,  with  the  most  economical  speed  for  the 
same ;  the  results  verified  by  Actual  Practice  at  the  Lathe, 
the  Vice,  and  on  the  Floor.  Together  with  Workshop 
Management,  Economy  of  Manufactures,  the  Steam-engine, 
Boilers,  Gears,  Belting,  etc.,  etc.  By  Egbert  P.  Watson, 
late  editor  of  the  "  Scientific  American."  Illustrated  with 
Eighty-six  Engravings.  In  1  volume,  12mo $2.50 

CONTENTS. 

PART  1.— The  Drill  and  its  Office. 
PART  2.— Lathe  Work. 

PART  3. — Miscellaneous  Tools  and  Processes. 
PART  4. — Steam  and  Steam-engine. 

PART  5. — Gears,   Belting,   and    Miscellaneous    Practical 
Information. 

Watson.  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  the 
Art  of  Weaving  by  Hand  and  Power : 

With  Calculations  and  Tables  for  the  use  of  those  connected 
with  the  Trade.  By  John  Watson,  Manufacturer  and  Prac- 
tical Machine  Maker.  Illustrated  by  large  drawings  of  the 
best  Power-Looms.  8vo $5.00 

Weatherly.  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Boiling 
Sugar,  Crystallizing,  Lozenge-making,  Com- 
fits, Gum  Goods, 

And  other  processes  for  Confectionery,  etc.,  in  which  are 
explained,  in  an  easy  and  familiar  manner,  the  various 
methods  of  manufacturing  every  description  of  raw  and 
refined  Sugar  goods,  as  sold  by  Confectioners  and  others. 
12mo $2.00 

Williams.    On  Heat  and  Steam : 

Embracing  New  Views  of  Vaporization,  Condensation,  and 
Expansion.  By  Charles  Wye  Williams,  author  of  a  Treatise 
on  the  Cumbustion  of  Coal  Chemically  and  Practically 
Considered.  With  Illustrations.  8vo $3.50 

23 


PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Bullock.    The  American  Cottage  Builder : 

A  Series  of  Designs,  Plans,  and  Specifications,  from  $200  to 
$20,000,  for  Homes  for  the  People ;  together  with  Warming, 
Ventilation,  Drainage,  Painting,  and  Landscape  Gardening. 
By  John  Bullock,  Architect,  Civil  Engineer,  Mechanician, 
and  Editor  of  "  The  Rudiments  of  Architecture  and  Build- 
ing," etc.,  etc.  Illustrated  by  75  engravings.  In  one  vol., 

8vo $3.50 

CONTENTS.— Chap.  I.— Generally—  Where  to  Build  a  Cottage ;  Bird  Cot- 
tage :  Objects  Desired.  II.— The  Various  Parts— Walls  ;  Cob  Walls  ;  Mud 
Walls  ;  Silverlocks'  Hollow  Walls  ;  Dearnes'  Hollow  Brick  Wall  ;  Lou- 
don's  Hollow  Brick  Walls  ;  Flint  Built  Walls  ;  Walls  of  Framed  Timber, 
Rubble,  and  Plaster ;  Walls  of  Hollow  Bricks  ;  Covering  for  External  Walls  ; 
Inside  Work  ;  Floors  ;  Lime-ash  Floors  ;  Concrete  Floors  ;  Plaster  Floor  ; 
Asphalte ;  Floor  of  Hollow  Pots  ;  Tile  Floor  ;  Floors  of  Arched  Brickwork 
in  Mortar  ;  Fire-proof  Floor  ;  Tile-trimmer ;  Girder  Floor;  Stairs  formed 
of  Tile  ;  Roofs  ;  Thatch  ;  Tile  for  Roofing ;  Slate  Roof ;  Cast-iron  Roofing  : 
Eaves-gutter  ;  Chimney-shaft  ;  Ventilation  and  Warming.  III. — Terra  del 
Fuego  Cottage.  IV.— Prairie  Cottage— Cottage  of  Unburnt  Brick— Plan  ;  Cross 
Section  ;  Side  View ;  Manner  of  Laying  the  Brick  and  the  Foundation  ; 
Chimney-cap,  Perspective,  and  Top  Views.  V.—The  Farm  Cottage— Ground 
Floor  ;  Attic  Floor.  VI.— The  Village  Cottage.  VII.— Italian  Cottage.  VIII. 
Thatched  Cottage.  IX. — Cottage  of  the  Society  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor.  X.—  Warming  and  Ventilation—  Ventilation.  XL— Model  Cottage- 
Hollow  Brick  Work.  XII.— Rural  Cottage— Basement  Plan  ;  Plan  of  the  First 
Floor  ;  Plan  of  the  Second  Floor.  XIII.— Octagon  Cottage—  Plan  of  Base- 
ment ;  Plan  of  Principal  Story.  XIV.— Drainage.  XV.— Rural  Homes— Cir- 
cumstances to  be  taken  into  consideration  in  the  Choice  of  a  Situation  ; 
Elevation ;  The  character  of  the  Surface  on  which  to  Build  ;  Aspect ;  Soi1 
and  Subsoil ;  Water ;  Villa  ;  Rural  Home,  No.  1 ;  Views  of  a  Suburban  Resi- 
dence in  the  English  style  ;  Rural  Home,  No.  2  ;  Rural  Home,  No.  3  ;  Rural 
Home,  No,  4.  XVI.— Paint  and  Color.  XVII.— Suburban  Residences— Gothic 
Suburban  Cottage  of  C.  Prescott,  Esq.,  Troy,  N.  Y. ;  Basement ;  First  Floor  ; 
Attic;  Second  Floor;  Suburban  Octagonal  Cottage.  XV 'III.  -  Landscape 
Gardening — First  steps  in  Forming  a  Landscape  Garden ;  The  Roads  and 
Paths  ;  Trees,  Shrubs,  and  Planting;  Hills  and  Mounds  ;  Valleys  and  Low 
Grounds  ;  Rock-work  ;  Of  Water,  and  its  Appropriation  or  Adoption  ;  Foun- 
tains ;  General  Observations  ;  Formal  Gardening  ;  Pleasure  Grounds  and 
Flower  Gardens  ;  The  Flower  Garden ;  The  Greenhouse ;  The  Conserva- 
tory. XIX.— Cost— The  Terra  del  Fuegan  Cottage  ;  The  Prairie  Cottage ; 
The  Village  Cottage  ;  The  Italian  Cottage ;  The  Thatched  Cottage ;  The 
Cottage  of  the  Society  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor ;  Prince 
Albert's  Model  Cottage ;  The  Rural  Cottage  ;  Mr.  Fowler's  Octagonal  Cot- 
tage ;  Rural  Home,  No.  I ;  Rural  Home,  No.  2  ;  Rural  Home,  No.  3;  The 
Suburban  Residence ;  The  Octagonal  Suburban  Residence  designed  by 
Wilcox  ;  The  Byzantine  Cottage ;  The  Gothic  Suburban  Residence  designed 
by  Mr.  Davis.  XX. — Two  Residences — The  Byzantine  Cottage;  Ground 
Plan ;  Plan  of  Second  Story  ;  The  Gothic  Suburban  Residence  of  W.  H.  C. 
Waddell,  Esq.,  N.  Y. ;  First  Floor;  Second  Floor.  XXI.— Artist's  and  Arti- 
san-8  Calling. 

Smeaton.    Builder's  Pocket  Companion: 

Containing  the  Elements  of  Building,  Surveying,  and  Archi- 
tecture; with  Practical  Kules  and  Instructions  connected 
with  the  subject.  By  A.  C.  Smeaton,  Civil  Engineer,  etc. 

In  one  volume,  12mo $1.25 

CONTENTS. — The  Builder.  Carpenter,  Joiner,  Mason,  Plasterer,  Plumber, 

Painter.  Smith,  Practical  Geometry.  Surveyor,  Cohesive  Strength  of  Bodies, 

Architect. 

24 


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REC'D  L 

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